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칠레 사회적 폭발의 사회·경제적 원인: 객관적 불평등 vs. 주관적 상대적 박탈

Socio-Economic Factors for Social Explosion in Chile: Objective Inequality vs. Subjective Relative Deprivation

임태균
국제지역연구원 (Institute of Global Affairs)|2020.09|아태연구 (Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies)|제27권 제3호|pp. 89-128|DOI 10.18107/japs.2020.27.3.004

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참고문헌

키워드

Inequality불평등Chile칠레정치적 동원Political Mobilization정치적 시위주관적 상대적 박탈Political ProtestsSubjective Relative Deprivation
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

21세기 라틴아메리카에서 가장 성공적이고 안정적으로 정치, 경제적 발전을 이룩한 것으로 평가받던 칠레가 2019년 전례 없는 대규모 반정부 폭력 시위를 경험하였다. 본 논문은 칠레의 이번 사회적 폭발의 근본적 요인으로 주목받는 불평등의 현주소, 그리고 정치적 시위와 상대적 박탈 사이의 인과관계에 대한 올바른 이해를 제공하고자 한다. 이에 다음의 문제를 제기한다. 2019년 칠레의 사회적 폭발이 불평등이라는 사회·경제적 요인을 가장 중대한 근본적 원인으로 가지고 있다는 단정적 비판이 얼마나 설득력을 지니고 있는가? 이론적으로, 정치적 시위의 발발은 상대적 박탈과 어떠한 인과관계를 가지고 있는가? 본 논문은, 칠레의 불평등은 지니 계수와 같은 객관적 상대적 박탈의 측면에서는 일반적으로 비판받는 것만큼 부정적이지 않으나 불평등한 상황에 대한 개인의 인식을 나타내는 주관적 상대적 박탈은 객관적 상대적 박탈에 비해 상당히 부정적임을 보여준다. 따라서 칠레의 2019년 대규모 정치적 시위에 대해서 객관적 불평등, 즉 객관적 상대적 박탈이 아니라 주관적 상대적 박탈이 근본적인 사회·경제적 요인으로 더욱 설득력을 지닌다고 주장한다.

Abstract

In 2019 Chile, which used to be praised for the most successful and stable political and economic development in Latin America in the 21st century, experienced unprecedented large-scale anti-government protests. This paper attempts to provide a better understanding on the current status of Chile’s inequality as a potential fundamental factor in the social explosion of 2019 and on the causal relationship between political protests and relative deprivation. It raises the following questions: How persuasive is the alleged criticism that the 2019 Chilean social explosion has the grave socio-economic inequality as the most significant fundamental cause? Theoretically, what causal relationship does the outbreak of political protests have with relative deprivation? This paper shows that the inequality level of Chile is not as negative as it is generally criticized in terms of objective relative deprivation such as Gini coefficient, but that the subjective relative deprivation representing individuals’ perception of unequal situations is quite negative compared to the objective relative deprivation. It argues that subjective relative deprivation, as opposed to objective inequality, or objective relative deprivation, is more persuasive as a fundamental socio-economic factor in the large-scale political protests in Chile in 2019.

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관련 논문AI추천

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