스웨덴과 핀란드의 고준위 핵폐기물 관리 비교 연구
A Comparative Study on the High-Level Nuclear Waste Management in Sweden and Finland
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초록
현재 핵발전소를 운영하는 나라들이 직면한 가장 어려운 '난제'는 독성이 매우 강한 고준위 핵폐기물의 안전한 처분 방법 마련이다. 이러한 상황에서 성공적으로 고준위 핵폐기물의 최종 처분장 부지 선정이라는 난제를 해결한 두 나라로 종종 핀란드와 스웨덴이 거론된다. 본 연구는 스웨덴과 핀란드 두 나라에서 고준위 핵폐기물의 관리 방식에 있어 나타나는 유사점과 차이점을 비교 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 아울러 이를 통해 과연 고준위 핵폐기물 관리에 대한 두 나라의 접근법을 “노르딕 모델”과 같은 동질적인 단일 모델로 볼 수 있는지의 여부, 그리고 핵발전소를 운영하는 여타의 나라들과는 달리 세계 최초로 고준위 핵폐기물 최종 처분장 완공을앞둔 핀란드 “예외주의”의 원천은 무엇인지에 대해 토론해 본다. 본 논문의 분석결과, 고준위 핵폐기물 관리에 있어 스웨덴과 핀란드 사이에는 관련 기술이나 제도측면에서 유사한 점들도 많이 있지만 두 나라를 동일한 유형 범주로 바라보는 것은두 나라 사이의 커다란 차이를 간과하는 과잉 단순화의 오류를 범하는 것임을 알수 있었다. 스웨덴과 핀란드를 구분 짓는 가장 큰 차이는 고준위 핵폐기물 관리의전체적 과정에서 구현되는 민주주의의 수준이라고 할 수 있다. 아울러 핀란드 “예외주의”의 원천으로는 핵발전과 핵폐기물 분야에서의 '핵산 복합체'의 강력한 지배 구조와 기술관료적 전문가주의, 그리고 그에 대한 핀란드 국민들의 비교적 높은신뢰 수준과 이에 비견되는 시민 · 사회단체의 낮은 영향력에서 찾을 수 있다.
Abstract
The most difficult “wicked problem” in countries currently operating nuclear power plants is how to safely dispose of extremely toxic high-level nuclear waste. Finland and Sweden are known as two countries that have successfully solved the challenge of site selection for a final repository for high-level nuclear waste. The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the similarities and differences in the management methods of high-level nuclear waste in Sweden and Finland. In addition, this paper will discuss what is the secret of Finnish “exceptionalism” meaning near completion of the world's first high-level nuclear waste final repository unlike other countries. As a result, this paper concludes that the biggest difference between Sweden and Finland is the level of technological democracy actually implemented in the overall process of high-level nuclear waste management. In addition, the strong technocratic governance structure by the “nuclear-industry complex” in the fields of nuclear power generation and nuclear waste, as well as the relatively high level of trust of the Finnish people and comparable low influence of civil society organizations can be said as the source of Finnish “exceptionalism”.
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