발해의 왕도 顯州와 中京치소 西古城의 관계

Abstract

This paper concentrated upon literatures and archeological results about the relation between Hyeonju(顯州), Balhae’s initial capital, and Seogo Fortress(西古城) designated as Junggyeong(中京)’s county seat. The transfer of the capital from Guguk(舊國) from Hyeonju is shown to be achieved due to efficient ruling of extended territories and growth of national power. Currently, the academic world hasn’t shown the agreement of their opinions about whether Seogo Fortress was Hyeonju where castles were located in the period of Balhae. Particularly, according to excavation of tombs of Munwang(文王)’s Empress and Ganwang(簡王)’s Empress, in addition to Princess Jeonghyo(貞孝), in Yonghae(龍海) Ancient Tomb, a dispute has been newly aroused on the existence of Seogo Fortress. Remains in the early period of Balhae haven’t been discovered from Seogo Fortress, and initial remains are being excavated only from Henandun Fortress(河南屯城) in neighboring remains. Then, it is presumed that Hyeonju Fortress was located in Henandun Fortress, instead of Seogo Fortress, and this became a mausoleum zone belonging to Seogo Fortress after completing the Royal Capital’s role. If Hyeonju had been located not in Seogo Fortress but in Henandun Fortress, it is thought that there would have been only Bu(府) for the period of Hyeonju, the capital. It can be thought that Bu was first formed and then Gyeong(京) in Balhae. Generally, the name such as Bu, that has been currently known, used its past name continuously, instead of showing directional concepts. Particularly, as Gyeong has a directional concept, maybe it was determined in a state that territories of Balhae were determined to some extent, wasn’t it? In that sense, it can be understood that names such as Donggyeong(東京), Seogyeong(西京), Namgyeong(南京), Junggyeong and Sanggyeong(上京) were called. In other words, it is thought that Gyeong might be called later, in comparison with Bu. In order to understand the construction period of Seogo Fortress, it is necessary to concentrate on Yonghae Ancient Tomb from which tombs were excavated, whose absolute chronologies of remains could be recognized including the tomb of Princess Jeonghyo. Now, it is assumed that in Yonghae Ancient Tomb, royal families were buried, starting with Princess Jeonghyo. Then, it is assumed that the absolute chronology of the Ancient Tomb was determined as the period after the end of 8th century, and Seogo Fortress was formed in a scale equivalent to the present about after the first half of 9th century.