발해 마을유적 소고- 방어시설이 없는 일반 마을유적을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Settlements without protective structures may best show the life of ordinary people. There are totally about 319 settlements of Balhae in the territory of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces of China and Primorye region of Russia. In this work 19 settlements in which the objects are known through excavation or rescue operations are studied from different points of view. Balhae settlements in the vast majority of cases are located nearby large rivers and their tributaries, that is associated with life activities of their inhabitants. In settlements the charred grain crops, such as cereals, legumes and industrial crops, bones of domestic animals such as horses, cattle, dogs, pigs, wild animal bones, fish bones, shells of freshwater and marine mollusks are discovered. This fact suggests that the common people in Balhae engaged not only in farming and cattle breeding, but also in hunting, fishing and gathering shellfish. This is confirmed by agricultural implements, tools for fishing and hunting. Sea shells of marine mollusks indicate marine products were supplied in areas far from the sea. “Sansam poking-stick” says that “simmani” that is a collector of sansam(mountain ginseng) existed in Balhae period, and ceramic vessels with the remnants of alcohol show that ordinary people cooked ardent drinks and drank them. In settlements artifacts related to garment pieces and ornaments are also found. The settlements are divided into small (5.000-25.000㎡), medium (50.000-150.000㎡) and large (280.000-300.000㎡). Large settlements are represented by two ones: Zhenxing and Konstantinovka 1. The first one is located in the area of “road Heuksu Malgal”, the second one near the “road Solbin” so we can say that these were two settlements which played the biggest role at the provincial roads in Balhae. The territory of the Suifen-Razdolnaya rivers-basin only in Primorye region contains 135Balhae sites, so we can assume that there was a road that connected these sites to each other and the center of Balhae with the southern part of Primorye. It will be correct to call this road “Solbindo”, that is, “Solbin road”. The presence of kangs (gudyl) in most of the settlements shows that in Balhae time gudyl has already been distributed among ordinary people. In addition, the findings and the objects studied in the settlements say that their inhabitants were engaged in handicrafts such as leather processing, production of iron, treatment of metal parts, production of pottery and tiles. As judged by the roads and wheel hubs, we can assume that in the settlements there were roads, where wentcarts. As to the beliefs of ordinary people, clay horsemen from the settlements indicate the existence of shamanism; in addition, the presence of Buddhist temples in the vicinity of settlements suggests that Buddhism was to a certain degree diffused among ordinary people of Balhae. Finally, among the settlements in which cultural layers could be defined, 56% are exploited for the first time in Balhae period. This fact indicates that in Palhae period the population increased and new land for food production was actively exploited. In addition, the fact that in all the settlements in Primorye, first exploited in Balhae period gudyl were built, would indicate that among the inhabitants were many people of Koguryo origin.