高句麗·高麗의 나라이름(國名)에 관한 연구(1) - 서녘(西方)에서 부르는 ‘계귀(鷄貴)’를 중심으로 -

Abstract

This paper is the result of the analysis of the following litearry record. 阿難耶跋摩者新羅人也. 以貞觀年中出長安之廣脇(王城小[山]名) 追求正教親禮聖蹤住那爛陀寺多閑律論抄寫眾經. 痛矣歸心所期不契出雞貴之東境沒龍泉之西裔即於此寺無常. 年七十餘矣. (雞貴者梵云矩矩吒㗨說羅. 矩矩吒是雞 㗨說羅是貴即高麗國也. 相傳云彼國敬雞神而取尊故戴翎羽而表\飾矣. 那爛陀有池名曰龍泉. 西方喚高麗為矩矩吒㗨說羅也). Especially, after the analysis of the passage, “雞貴者 梵云矩矩吒㗨說羅. 矩矩吒是雞 㗨說羅是貴 即高麗國也. … 西方喚高麗為矩矩吒㗨說羅也”, the author could gainseveral conclusions. 1. First of all, the comparison between the original literary record and the previous translations confirmed that most translations mistranslated Kori as Silla. 2. This mistranslation of Kori as Silla started from the Kori period founded by Wang Kon. 『Haedong kosungjon 海東高僧傳』 took the first part of the literary record and the ancestry of Āryavarma 阿離耶跋摩 as ‘鷄貴=高麗’, and recorded him as a Silla person. 『Samguk yusa 三國遺事』 translated 鷄貴 as 海東 and recorded overall as a Silla person. 3. Many people recorded Āryavarma 阿離耶跋摩 as a Silla person because the first literary record by Yijing in 『大唐西域求法高僧傳』 wrote his nationality as Silla. Then, why did Yijing clearly write Āryavarma 阿離耶跋摩 was from Silla in the beginning of the text while he clarified him from Kori in the comments. When Āryavarma 阿離耶跋摩 traveled to India passing through the Tang of China, his country, Kori, existed by that time. However, at the end of his life, Kori was already surrendered to the Tang of China. Furthermore, when Yijing 義淨 wrote 『Biographies of the Eminent Monks[who Traveled to the] Western Regions in Search of the Dharma 大唐西域求法高僧傳』in 691, it was 23 years after the collapse of Kori. Hence, Yijing could not but help classifying him as a Silla person which unified the Three Kingdoms in the East. Thus,when Yijing classified monks according to the countries, he recorded him as ‘a Silla monk’, and started the record saying ‘Silla person’ while he clearly stated him as a Kori monk in the commentary with a detailed explanation. 4. In India and the Western countries, Kori was called 矩矩吒㗨說羅. According to the original reading in the Sanskrit language, 矩矩吒㗨說羅 is ‘Kukkuṭeśvara.’ Hence, in India and the Western countries, Kori was called ‘Kukkuṭeśvara.’ Yijing 義淨 transliterated ‘Kukkuṭeśvara’ as ‘鷄貴’ in classical Chinese, which could be translated as ‘a rooster god 鷄神.’ 5. The name of Kori as ‘Kukkuṭeśvara’ was used not only in India but also in those countries of the Western regions on the way from Chang’an to India, which tells us that Kori was well known to them and Kori possessed a relatively high status at that time. 6. In a Sanskrit dictionary and a Buddhist sutra, a rooster was often presented as an auspicious animal. Considering the connection with the rooster forest myth of the Silla, that they called Kori as ‘a rooster god = ‘鷄貴’ Kukkuṭeśvara’ was the favorable expression about Kori.