石室墓 造營을 통해 본 渤海의 北方 經營
Balhae's administration of its Northern Territory-as seen through the distribution of Mounded Stone Chamber Tombs
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This paper takes note of the fact that stone chamber tombs, the main burial style of Balhae, is widely distributed in the Heilongjiang province area, and examines Balhae’s territorial expansion northward to this area. The dominant burial style of the 2nd Songhua river area, where the Malgal people resided, and the Russian Maritime Provinces, where the Heuksumalgal people resided, is the earthen pit tomb and these tombs are densely distributed in this area, whereas the stone chamber tomb, the main burial style of Balhae, is found densely distributed in the central area of Balhae, beginning with the Yukjeongsan tumuli, the area where the Balhae state was founded. The chronological dating of the tombs also shows that the earthen pit tomb, the main burial style of the Malgal people, was actively constructed before the foundation of Balhae and the stone chamber tomb began to be constructed beginning with the founding of Balhae. This disproves existing theories that Balhae was a state founded by the Malgal people and that Balhae’s burial style changed over time from earthen pit tombs to stone chamber tombs. Stone chamber tombs are also densely distributed in the Sanggyeong area, where Balhae’s capital was located. Theories concerning the date of construction of these tombs can be categorized into three: 1)from the founding of the state to before the move of the capital to Sanggyeong, 2)between the move of the capital from Sanggyeong to before the move of the capital to Donggyeong and 3)after the return of the capital to Sanggyeong. But concerning the construction of stone chamber tombs in the Heilongjiang province area, the period worthy of notice is the period before the move of the capital to Sanggyeong. Because the Heuksemalgal, a powerful enemy to the north, who allied with and betrayed Balhae according to changing situations, was a heavy burden to Balhae and Balhae had to be on guard at all times. Balhae inhabited this area for approximately 30 years from the move of the capital to Sanggyeong in 755 until the relocation of the capital to Donggyeong in 785. In order for Balhae to relocate the capital to the Sanggyeong area, defences had to be erected not only for the central Sanggyeong area itself but also against the Heuksumalgal. Therefore the construction of stone chamber tombs in the Heilong jiang province area can be dated to the time around the relocation of the capital to the Sanggyeong area, and the construction of stone chamber tombs north of the Sanggyeong area can be dated to the period before the move of the capital to that area. The stone chamber tomb, which was a Koguryo influence, was a distinguishing feature of Balhae burials, and the fact that there are dense concentrations of stone chamber tombs in newly occupied territory means that there was a great(significant) influx of stone chamber tomb builders to this area in large numbers. This means that Balhae’s administration reached this area to the extent that large numbers of stone chamber tombs were able to be built and that this area was directly (ruled)administered by the Balhae government.
Abstract
This paper takes note of the fact that stone chamber tombs, the main burial style of Balhae, is widely distributed in the Heilongjiang province area, and examines Balhae’s territorial expansion northward to this area. The dominant burial style of the 2nd Songhua river area, where the Malgal people resided, and the Russian Maritime Provinces, where the Heuksumalgal people resided, is the earthen pit tomb and these tombs are densely distributed in this area, whereas the stone chamber tomb, the main burial style of Balhae, is found densely distributed in the central area of Balhae, beginning with the Yukjeongsan tumuli, the area where the Balhae state was founded. The chronological dating of the tombs also shows that the earthen pit tomb, the main burial style of the Malgal people, was actively constructed before the foundation of Balhae and the stone chamber tomb began to be constructed beginning with the founding of Balhae. This disproves existing theories that Balhae was a state founded by the Malgal people and that Balhae’s burial style changed over time from earthen pit tombs to stone chamber tombs. Stone chamber tombs are also densely distributed in the Sanggyeong area, where Balhae’s capital was located. Theories concerning the date of construction of these tombs can be categorized into three: 1)from the founding of the state to before the move of the capital to Sanggyeong, 2)between the move of the capital from Sanggyeong to before the move of the capital to Donggyeong and 3)after the return of the capital to Sanggyeong. But concerning the construction of stone chamber tombs in the Heilongjiang province area, the period worthy of notice is the period before the move of the capital to Sanggyeong. Because the Heuksemalgal, a powerful enemy to the north, who allied with and betrayed Balhae according to changing situations, was a heavy burden to Balhae and Balhae had to be on guard at all times. Balhae inhabited this area for approximately 30 years from the move of the capital to Sanggyeong in 755 until the relocation of the capital to Donggyeong in 785. In order for Balhae to relocate the capital to the Sanggyeong area, defences had to be erected not only for the central Sanggyeong area itself but also against the Heuksumalgal. Therefore the construction of stone chamber tombs in the Heilong jiang province area can be dated to the time around the relocation of the capital to the Sanggyeong area, and the construction of stone chamber tombs north of the Sanggyeong area can be dated to the period before the move of the capital to that area. The stone chamber tomb, which was a Koguryo influence, was a distinguishing feature of Balhae burials, and the fact that there are dense concentrations of stone chamber tombs in newly occupied territory means that there was a great(significant) influx of stone chamber tomb builders to this area in large numbers. This means that Balhae’s administration reached this area to the extent that large numbers of stone chamber tombs were able to be built and that this area was directly (ruled)administered by the Balhae government.
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