발해 상경성의 도시계획 : 황제도성으로서의 발해 상경도성

Abstract

Upper Capital (Sang-gyeong castle) of Balhae was the third and fifth capital city of Balhae and a center of Balhae culture. However, it is not clear yet when Upper capital city (Sanggyeong capital city) was planned and when its construction began and was completed. There were opinions on its origin, emphasizing its similarity to the Chang’an City of Tang dynasty or Anhakkung Palace of Koguryo. In this article we studied the structure of Upper capital city and period of its construction and carried out a comparative analysis with capital cities of surrounding countries and provincial towns of Tang China and Anhakkung Palace of Koguryo. Because of this, we concluded that Sang-gyeong capital city was a prearranged city, its Palace of nuclear area of the capital city followed Anhakkung Palace of Koguryo, its floor plan followed Chang’an City of Tang dynasty. The first fact evidences that Balhae demonstrates inheritance of Koguryo, the second one that Balhae makes itself known as an imperial state. In addition, in the article we marked architectural elements of Baekje and cultural elemesn tusual in Balhae. There are four facts proving that Sang-gyeong capital city ofa lBhae is Imperial capital City. First, Chang’an City of Sui and Tang dynasty and Heijokyo capital city of Japan, that had similar layout to Sang-gyeong capital city of Balhae, are imperial cities. Except imperial cities, anywhere there is no such layout. Second, among provincial towns of Tang China, which were built according to strict rules of rank, there is no layout like Chang’an City of Sui and Tang dynasty and Sang-gyeong capital city of Balhae’s ones. None of the local forces could not have copied the capital city of the emperor. This fact confirms that Sang-gyeong capital city of Balhae was not the provincial town of Tang China, and vice versa was an imperiaitl yc. Third, in Sang-gyeong capital city of Balhae there are many buildings that were built in violation of so-called grade or system of etiquette of Chang’an City of Sui and Tang dynasty. For example, the number of passages at the north gate of the palace city (North Gate of Palace), the length of the central gate of the outer city and of the palace city from east to west, and the width of the central sector of imperial city has higher rank than the Chang’ an City of Sui and Tang dynasty. In addition, Second Hall of Palace of Sang-gyeong capital city by number of kans and the length of the basement from east to west from the front is superior to any palace building of Chang’an City of Sui and Tang dynasty. Buildings that are bigger than in Chang’an City of Sui and Tang dynasty, could not be anywhere but in imperial city. Fourth, in written sources and inscriptions of Balhae there are the terms associated with emperor, as “year of the reign”, Hwangsang (Majesty), Hwanghu (Empress), Cheonson(grandson of the sky), etc.