高句麗 城郭 築城術의 擴散에 대한 豫備的 檢討

Abstract

This study used major remaining relic structures that have been excavated so far as basic materials to figure out central and local fortress construction methods, characteristics of structure and influential relationship and exchange among the three nations of Goguryeo, Bakeje and Shilla (“The Three Nations”). That is, building methods of fortress walls, pentagon-shape building sites in the fortress, stair-type pedestal part of a fortress with the convex-form of walls for defense (“Chiseong”), fortress gate, drainage structure passing through the fortress walls, circular water collection facility made of stones, differences and development between Chiseong and vigilance tower on the corner of a fortress (“Gakru”), and their origins of uses. To complement the limitations of the recent reports, this study also utilized the analysis materials regarding Wunu Fortress, Guknae Fortress, Wandou Fortress, and Shitaizi Fortress through comparison. As located in a capital city of Goguryeo Kingdom, Guknae Fortress and Wandou Fortress showed “the best fortress construction techniques”, which deserve the worthy of the names. It was true that we could not access them specifically and how they demonstrated “the best fortress construction techniques” in terms of location and environment, current state and structure, and facilities of the fortress, though we assumed that they must have done so. Through this study, it was confirmed that the most typical prototype models were found in Guknae Fortress and Wandou Fortress as well as the building techniuqe of fortress walls of Goguryeo’s fortresses, such as stair-type of pedestal part of a Chiseong, fine-square shaped Gakru with short protrution, drainage structure passing through the fortress walls and gates, defense pedestal (“Jeokdae”) installed on the gate tower. They became the standards for building fortresses around the neighbor regions. That is, stair-type pedestal part of Chiseongs were found in the east and north walls of the fortress in Guknae Fortress, achieved structural completion in Shitaizi Fortress in Shenyang. They assumed to have been developed to Chenzishan Fortress in Tumen. As for the oblique-lined pedestal part of Chiseong, Yanzhou Fortress in Junfang demonstrated the most complete example and it had structural similarities with Gyeyang Fortress in Incheon of later times. As for the installation of Jeokdae at both left and right sides on the gate tower, many cases were reported, including the west gate of the north wall of Guknae Fortress, north gate site of Gaojiandi Fortress in Huanyin, north gate site and west gate site of Shitaizi Fortress in Shenyang. Southwest Gakru in Guknae Fortress has unique structure of 4-wall sides, which became the prototype of Gakru. It had influence on the north Chiseong of Baekryong Fortress in Geumsan, 1st and 2nd Chiseongs in the south-eastward diffracted part in the Yiseong Fortress in Hanam, etc. It is judged that Gakru is more reasonable term than Chiseong. The drainage facility passing through the west wall of Guknae Fortress and the gate of the south wall of Wandou Fortress used giant-sized stones as the roof stones. Also, giant stone was covered for the water collection facility in the same way. They were the unique rain leakage protection system of Goguryeo Kingdom and they were observed in Wandou Fortress, Zian Fortress, Shitaizi Fortress as well as in Guknae Fortress. In this way, the fortress construction techniques in central regions such as Guknae Fortress and Wandou Fortress were reflected in the key fortresses in the local regions. Guknae Fortress in the 4th century and Wandou Fortress in the 5th century became the prototype model for building a key fortress in local regions, which were reflected in building techniques and the structure of various facilities as they were. More detailed comparison and reviews are expected to be carried out in later times with increased materials.