고구려 남도․북도와 고구려 산성의 축성

Abstract

This study covers the period from the late 3rd century, when Koguryo was faced against Murong clan over the Liaodong region, to the 4th century before the former gained complete control over the region. With a particular focus on its war against the former Yan in 342, the study examined various theories regarding its north- and southbound expansion discussed so far and traced its north and south routes for expansion by re-reviewing the documents from the period. There are four major theories about Koguryo’s north and south routes. The dominant south route covers Hun He→Suzi He→Fuer Jiang→Xinkai He→ Jian, while the dominant north route covers Fushun(Hun He)→Qing Yuan→ Huifa He(Liu He)→Tonghua→Weisha He→Jian. Considering the location of the nova, the situations surrounding Liaodong, and the distribution of Koguryo’s mountain fortresses those days, however, it is very likely that the route of Hun He→Suzi He→Fuer Jiang→Xinkai He→Jian, which has been regarded as the dominant south route, was actually the north route. In those days, the former Yan had the full control over the traffic routes across the Liaodong region. Given that it was in a historical context where it could always mobilize troops in certain areas south of Hun He, there is a big possibility that the south route the former Yan took to ambush Koguryo must have lied along the Taizi He area south of Hun He. Koguryo’s mountain fortresses were the material products of the historical process, and the study tried to draw a more concrete picture of those mountain fortresses estimated to have been built along its north and south route between the late 3rd century and the 4th century. Most of the Koguryo’s mountain fortresses from that period were basically made of stone bricks. In particular, the use of wedge-shaped castle stones holds such great significance that they are the biggest characteristic of those mountain fortresses. The major categories of Koguryo’s mountain fortresses include the valley encircling and peak encircling style with a few examples of the saddle and mountainside style. The peak encircling style records the highest percentage of them all because of its strong military features. The fortresses built in the valley encircling style such as the Taeja and Oryong Mountain Fortress and those built in the saddle style served as the base fortresses for local governance as well as military bases. Those mountain fortresses were mostly medium- or small-sized in the range of 1000∼1500ｍ except for special cases like those in the capital city. The facilities of Koguryo’s mountain fortresses include the gate, turret, battlement, and stone pits in addition to the walls. They were all found in Koguryo’s mountain fortresses from the period. The gates of the mountain fortresses already had the barbican, whose shapes were ‘凹’, ‘ㄱ’, and ‘二.’ Structurally speaking, the battlements and stone pits must have been built at the same time and are found in the Hwando, Onyeo, Paewangjo, Gogeomji, and Heukgu Mountain Fortress. Especially the stone pits are a unique feature of Koguryo’s mountain fortresses as they were never confirmed in other areas or after Koguryo. Artificial turrets were built to supplement the fortress walls in the Paewangjo, Heukgu, Taeja, and Oryong Mountain Fortress. In addition, water resources such as wells and reservoirs were also built as part of the basic facilities of mountain fortresses those days along with watchtowers to survey in and outside the fortresses.