桓仁 및 集安 都邑期 高句麗 城과 防禦體系 硏究

Abstract

In the early Koguryo, fortresses were built and used in and around Hengren(桓仁) and Jian(集安) which was the capital city. These fortresses were clustered around the capital, most of which were mountain fortresses encircling a mountain summit used for military defensive purposes. The existence of a fortress on the plain ground in the Hengren phase is still unclear. Nonetheless, it is generally accepted that the Wunu Mountain fortress(五女山城) was used for important purposes since Koguryo first emerged as a state. It is supported by the fact that in this fortress not only stratigraphical evidence of the early phase of Koguryo but also a large building foundation including foundation stones for a pillar were identified. In Jian, the second capital of Koguryo, the Guonei stone-walled fortress(國內城) and the Wandu Mountain fortress(丸都山城) are located. In the Guonei stone-walled fortress fine-clay pottery made on a turn table was found in one of the layers inside of the fortress wall. A cirrus design roof-end tile and celadon porcelain vessels from the East Jin period were found in the lowest layer. Based on this, the Guonei stone-walled fortress appears to have been built later than the 4th century. Thus, the capital fortress system based on the combination of an earthen-walled fortress on the plain ground and a mountain fortress was unlikely to have been established in the first phase. In the 4th century, Koguryo expanded its territory and attempted to extend its power to the Liaodong peninsula(遼東半島) and Pyongyang. In the mid 4th century, the Gaoer Mountain fortress(高爾山城) was built in Fushun(撫順) to be used as a center in defending the northwest area of Koguryo. In this phase, Koguryo fortresses increased in number with the expansion of the Koguryo territory, and administrative fortresses were built to effectively govern local areas under the centralized governing system. Administrative fortresses, or those having administrative offices in them, took the form of a mountain fortress encircling a valley or a fortress built on the plain ground along a riverside for easy access.