高句麗와 宋 교섭의 의미 - 459년 사행을 중심으로 -

Abstract

Goguryeo attended the royal court of Song dynasty accompanied by the envoy of Sushen(肅愼) in 459. This article aims at understanding the Goguryeo’s background and purpose of this attendance at the time of 459. It is also an attempt to discover the meaning of the negotiations between Goguryeo and Song dynasty from a new perspective. Sushen traditionally considered as the symbol of tribute from outlander barbarians(遠夷), which pay Hushi(楛矢, bush clover arrow) and Shinu(石砮, stone arrowhead) as a tribute influenced by the virtue of an emperor of saint virtues(聖德天子) when he emerges and governs Zhongyuan(中原, central plain). However, the tribute of Suksin to the Zhongyuan dynasty, which was suspended for a while after 236, is reaffirmed; Sushen is the same ethnic group as Yilou(挹婁) at this point. The symbol of Sushen's tribute was emphasized in connection with securing the legitimacy of the state under the circumstances that several dynasties coexist. Naturally, the perception that Yilou considered to be Sushen was widespread. Furthermore, it seems that Goguryeo shared this perception as the term “Sushen" is confirmed in Gwanggaeto Stele and Samguk sagi(三國史記, History of the Three Kingdoms). Sushen, that Goguryeo accompanied in 459, is also considered as the group related to this perception. Goguryeo was accompanied by Sushen, the symbol of outlander barbarians’ tribute, as a result of the coincidence of interests between Song dynasty and Goguryeo in 459. Emperor Xiaowu(孝武帝), who acceded to the throne at a time of crisis of failure in northern expedition and rebellion, needed to restore internal order and external status. Emperor Xiaowu attempted to restore domestic and foreign order by establishing worldview centered on Jiankang(建康) while proceeding designation of Wanggi(王畿), production of Oro(五輅), and establishment of Myeongdang(明堂). In 459, a series of things began to start in earnest. The attendance of Sushen at the royal court is related to the establishment of Jiankang-centered worldview of Song dynasty. Accompanying Sushen was also effective in two ways for Goguryeo. The first is the reaffirmation of the influence on the powers inside the domains(域內) and was prevent unrest in the northwest. As is generally known, Goguryeo had its own worldview since the 5th century. However, the breakaway movement of Silla and Buyeo, which were the part of this worldview, was captured in the middle of the 5th century. It is estimated that Goguryeo mobilized Sushen to emphasize the influence of the state while minimizing the aftermath of the breakaway. The second is that it was a diplomatic strategy that utilized the tension between Zhongyuan dynasties. Sushen’s tribute was an important measure of ensuring the legitimacy of each dynasty under the situation where disparate dynasties coexisting in the North and South. At that time, Goguryeo made use of Sushen to provoke Beiwei(北魏), which was Hojok(胡族) but longed to become a true ruler of the Zhongyuan; also, it was intended to be used as a mean to enhance the status of Goguryeo in East Asia.