발해의 일본 行路와 出羽ㆍ北陸ㆍ山陰의 고대교통

Abstract

In the study of the change of Japanese route in Parhae, the main issue is that the route toward Dewa(出羽) were based the traditional Malgal(靺鞨) sailing technique and after learning navigation skills from the accompanying Japanese envoys it was possible to use the route acrossing the East Sea. I pointed out that this view was an overly Japanese-centered interpretation and argued that Parhae pressed Japan by taking a dual strategy on the two regions, Hokuritsu(北陸) and Dewa. However, there is still insufficient explanation as to why this strategy was pressing the Japanese dynasty and why Japan suddenly proposed the arrival of Hokuritsu. So, this study is focused on Japan's ancient local governance system(the Ryosekoku(令制國) and Gokishitcidou(5畿7道)) to find the detail reasons of these issues. First, the early envoys of Parhae who arrived in Dewa region were hosted in Hitachi(常陸) going through Mutsu(陸奧) and using the Ou(奧羽) system without going through the coastal areas. When they entered to Capital, they were accompanied by Emisi(蝦夷). The visiting ceremony for Parhae envoys with Emishi was very effective in boosting the conciousness of “Little China(小中華)” in Japan dynasty. Second, after 780, when the conflict situation with Emisi became difficult, Japan requested to use the road of Tsukushi(筑紫). This request was not intended to evade the Parhae envoy. It was caused by the reaon which the hosting system in Hokuriku was insufficient. The Hokuriku region was geographically distant from Capital and central control was not reached there until the mid to late 8th century. Especially it was newly confirmed by reviewing the dispatch of envoys from Koguryeo in the 6th century and official approval(檢定) to Fujiwara Nakamaro(藤原仲麻呂) in relation to the management of Hokuriku. Third, at the end of the 8th century, Japan accepted the arrival of Hokuriku because the Parhae envoy hosting infrastructure was formed at that time. And it was reaffirmed that the main role for hosting was charged on Kaga(加賀), not Noto(能登). Kaga's influential leaders tried to expand their role by hosting to the Parhae envoy, and the central dynasty intended to reinforce its influence on Kaga areas through accepting Kaga's demands. As the wants of the two sides matched, the the Ceremony for Guest(賓禮) on Parhae envoy was further institutionalized in Kaga. In the early days, Kokushi(國司) has taken the hosting role temporaily, but after the mid-to-late 9th century, the role was played by Gonkan(權官) who dispatched from the central dynasty. Fourth, in the 9th century, the Sannin(山陰) area also welcomed Palhae envoys, mainly Izumo(出雲). While the appointment and dispatch of officials was smaller than that of Hokuriku, the appointment of Gonkan was more than Hokuriku one. However, most of the gonkan's job titles are not the name of the region to which they were dispatched, but the names of other regions. This was a very interesting phenomenon and it is necessary to check the reason of that. I guess that this might be a measure to prevent the competition for economic trade from being overheated and being concentrated in a specific region, but more review is needed.