요대 발해인 대연림의 기병(起兵)에 대한 종합적 고찰

Abstract

Examined in this article is the Insurrection of Dae Yeon-rim(大延琳), which was one of the most significant revolts staged by the Balhae refugees under Liao rule. This historical event has rather been considered as a mere political incident that affected the Goryeo-Liao-Song relationship, but in this article three particular issues concerning the revolt that deserve more attention are analyzed in details. First examined is when exactly the insurrection started, and what would have been the intentions behind it. Regarding the former issue, the starting point was previously only believed to have been August 1029, but recently found two grave epitaphs suggest otherwise, as they both say that the insurrection first broke out in the fall of 1028. Meanwhile, the intent behind the insurrection seems to be insinuated by the name of the state Dae Yeon-rim wanted to build, as the term Heung’yo(興遼) seems to be calling for a brand new Liaodung-based state, rather than just referring to the resurrection of the Balhae dynasty or its recovery of the Liaodung region. Examined next is the factions that were involved in the Dae Yeon-rim insurrection. It is clear that not only the Balhae population in general, but high ranking figures like Dae Ryeok-chu -who was the son-in-law of the Liao Emperor- as well as the ‘Northeast’ and ‘North-south’ Jurchen tribes living in the Liaodung region supported the insurrection. But other factions such as Hwang Pyeon in the Hwang’ryong-bu region and Ha Haeng-mi in the Boju area, who were all very much important to the war efforts of Dae Yeon-rim, ultimately betrayed him and contributed to his downfall. Examined third is how the Liao government treated the Balhae people after subduing the insurrection. It is a well known fact that after Dae Yeon-rim’s forces were crushed, the Liao government employed a stick-and-a-carrot strategy by forcibly relocating some Balhae tribes while also providing them with governmental seats and tax exemption. Such strategy can also be seen from the Liao government’s stance toward ‘Gyeokguk,’ which was a hunting exercise. The Liao Emperor Xīngzōng held a large-scale ‘Gyeokguk’ in the Dong’gyeong-do region as a demonstration of the Liao dynasty’s military prowess, and to intimidate the Balhae population in the area. But at the same time he also allowed the population in the region to arrange their own ‘Gyeokguk’ sessions, showing us that the Liao government felt comfortable enough to allow that, and also the general condition of the Balhae population at the time.