러시아 석유가스산업의 전환과 러시아 국가자본주의
Restructuring of Russian oil-gas industry and State capitalism
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대량의 급속한 제도 및 구조전환인 러시아의 체제전환 과정에서 석유가스산업모델은 체제전환과정의 두 국면에 상응하는 변화를 겪었다. 1990년대의 제 1국면에서 대량사유화와 은행을 통한 사유화에 의해 석유산업 대부분이 민간의 손에 넘어간 반면 가스산업은 국가 안의 국가로서 경영자의 통제를 유지하면서 국가 정책의 주요 수단으로 남아 있었다. 1998년 금융위기로 시작된 제2국면에서는 석유가스산업에 대한 국가의 소유 및 규제를 통한 통제 강화를 특징으로 하는 산업모델이 형성되고 있다. 러시아 국가는 석유가스산업을 산업다각화라는 국가발전전략 실현을 위한 주요 수단으로 삼고 있으며 이를 위해 가즈프롬을 중심으로 한 통합에너지 기업의 육성을 추진하고 있다. 자원 및 에너지 산업에 대한 국가 개입을 기반으로 한 러시아 국가자본주의의 등장은 주변국의 에너지 안보와 국민적 자본주의 간 경쟁과 대결에 중요한 함의를 갖지 않을 수 없다.
Abstract
The systemic transformation in Russia is a process of massive and rapid changes in institutional set-up and economic structure. In this process, Russian oil and gas industry has passed two phases of restructuring. In the first phase of 1990s, a large part of oil industry was transferred to the private hands through privatization, while the gas industry remained a major policy instrument of the Russian state. In the second phase since the 1998's financial crash, an industry model is emerging in which State control is reinforced by re-nationalization and regulation. The oil and gas industry become the main policy instrument for the industrial diversification strategy. Gazprom is promoted as an integrated and internationalized energy enterprise. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the emergence of the Russian state capitalism characterized by State’s active intervention into the energy and resource industries has the important implications for the energy security and the competition between nations.
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