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사회노년학 이론의 갈래, 추세, 정책적 함의

Branches, Trends and Policy Implications of Theories of Social Gerontology

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초록

이 논문은 서구 사회에서 진행되어온 노화와 사회의 관계에 대한 이론들을 개관하고 있다. 대략 1940년대 후반부터 1970년대에 이르는 시기의 이론들이 노화를 개인적 적응의 문제로서 다루어왔다면, 1980년대 이후 현재까지는 노화를 사회적 구성의 문제로서 접근해왔다. 또한 전자가 노인을 하나의 동질적인 집단으로 간주했다면, 후자는 노인을 이질적이고 불평등한 다양한 집단으로 다루어왔다. 이론의 함의라는 측면에서 볼 때, 활동이론, 이탈이론, 연속이론은 정년연장, 조기은퇴, 생산적 노화와 관련된 사안들에 영향을 끼쳤다. 하위문화론, 연령계층론, 교환이론은노인행동주의, 세대 간 형평성 논쟁, 노인의 임파워먼트와 관련된 사안들과 정책들에 논리적 근거를 제공했다. 사회구성주의, 정치경제학, 누적적 이익·불이익 이론은반연령주의 입법화나 노인의 사회통합과 정책 과제들을 제기해왔다. 끝으로 지구화론은 노화의 지구적 구성을 검토하면서 초국적 시민사회에 의한 지구적 거버넌스의 가능성을 탐색해왔다.

Abstract

This article introduces theories of relationship of aging and society in western societies. While roughly from the late 1940s to 1970s theories had tended to approach aging as a problem of individual adaptation, from 1980s to now they have dealt with aging as a problem of social construction. If the former regarded the aged as a homogeneous group, the latter regarded them as a variety of heterogeneous and unequal groups. In regard of social and policy implications, activity theory, disengagement theory and continuity theory respectively have influenced deferred-retirement, early-retirement and the ideology of productive aging. Subculture theory, age stratification, exchange theory have stimulated the elderly activism, intergenerational equity debate, empowerment for the elderly. Social constructionism, political economy, cumulative advantage·disadvantage theory have promoted anti-ageism legislation and social integration of the elderly. Finally globalization have examined global construction of aging and considered possibility of global governance of transnational civil society.

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