조선시대 이양선과 해난구조사상 연구

Abstract

This research analyzed 150 records of handover lines(異樣船) that appeared around the adjacent seas including the Korean Peninsula and annexed islands in『The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty』. Among these handover lines, this research investigated the handling procedure and the rescue idea of sea-rescue vessels(海難船) among the handover lines. According to『The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty』, the records of handover lines began from Hwangdangseon(荒唐船) during King Jungjong, and appeared total 148 times, such as 2 during King Jeongjo, 3 during King Sunjo, 14 during King Heonjong, and 128 during King Gojong. This research adopted a methodology from the viewpoint of sociometry(計量史學) based on Big Data analysis of the records of handover lines that appeared in『The Annals of Joseon Dynasty』. Sociometry means an empirical research that aims at the goal of historical site utilizing data analytic methodology based on numerical value. Handover lines mean foreign vessels that appeared around the adjacent seas during the late Joseon Dynasty. Handover lines were from the several western powers such as the U.S., England, France, Germany, and Russia, which were also called Yidanseon(異團船), Hwangdangseon(荒唐船). For drifted or wrecked handover lines around Joseon seas, sea-rescue was conducted by Yuwonjiui(柔遠之義) when they were acknowledged as sea disaster vessels(海難船) through Munjeong(問情). Yuwonjiui implied hospitality to strangers regardless of nationality. As the result of investigating the records of handover lines in『The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty』from the viewpoint of sea-rescue idea, this research concluded as follows. First, sea rescue was conducted after comprehending the characteristics of drifted or wrecked vessels or seamen that drifted around Joseon seas through Munjeong(問情). The problem was interpretation of foreign languages. When they were acknowledged as sea disaster vessels through conversation by writing, etc., sea rescue was conducted by Yuwonjiui(柔遠之義). Also, the principle of Bulseonbeom(不先犯), no military force beforehand, was applied to handover lines. Second, in case when those handover lines requested trade negotiations, no active rescue was applied based on national isolation policy(鎖國政策). Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism were considered as evil study(邪學). Handover lines for such religious purpose were not rescued due to Wijeongcheoksagwan(衛正斥邪觀). In respect of Yangyipung(洋夷風) such as tomb theft(Oppert tomb theft) and cultural asset plunder (Byeongyinyangyo), etc., rescue was not conducted according to Jonwangyangyigwan (尊王攘夷觀) based on protection of Jongmyosajik(宗廟社稷). Yangyipung means non -Confucian viewpoint(儒敎觀) such as Hyojechungsiny euiyeomchi(孝悌忠信禮義廉恥). Third, sea rescue was conducted simultaneously with lives and objects including the goods on the wrecked vessels, besides human lives. Fourth, in respect of sea rescue of wrecked vessel, Cheonbeolgwan(天罰觀) was applied. Gonggususeonggwan(恐懼修省觀) according to Cheonilhabil(天人合一), which means, resentment(恨) from victims who were not rescued might cause bigger calamity later, such as war. Gonggususeong means fear for the heaven, cultivation, and self-reflection. Fifth, to prevent trade negotiation(通商交涉), propagation of evil study(邪敎傳播), and Yangyipung(洋夷風) through the handover lines, trade was not performed for sea-rescue expenses. However, Yuwonjiuigwan (Confucian humanism) based on respect for human life was consistently applied. According to UN refugee agency(UNHCR), there are 70 million international refugees from persecution, dispute, violence, and violation of human rights. Nevertheless the period and situation is different from this research, the researcher wishes the respect for humankind (humanism) based on sea rescue of handover lines during Joseon Dynasty to be connected to today’s refugee rescue idea.