再议汉语“何况”与韩语“하물며”的语法特点

Abstract

Chinese ‘Hekuang’ and Korean ‘하물며’ are relatively typical lexical expressions expressing progressive semantics. These two expressions can correspond in semantics, but there are still some differences in specific syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. This paper mainly draws on the concept of ‘scale’, and taking the comparative analysis of these two expressions, the following conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, at the semantic level, there are two typical meanings of Chinese ‘Hekuang’, both of them can be explained with the concept of ‘scale’, and the independence and grammaticalization of Chinese ‘Hekuang2’ have gradually increased, and there is a tendency to gradually surpass the typical usage of ‘Hekuang1’, which has a more important influence on the different grammatical characteristics of Chinese and Korean. Although the dictionary meaning of Korean ‘하물며’ has only one typical meaning, there are also supplementary meanings similar to ‘Hekuang2’ in the specific corpus, there is no tendency to go beyond the typical meaning at this stage. Secondly, in terms of syntax, we mainly compare the three aspects of the syntactic position, sentence pattern, and co-occurrence expressions. It can be found that in terms of syntactic position, ‘Hekuang’ is commonly used in the beginning and middle of sentences, and ‘하물며’ is mostly used in the sentence; in terms of sentence structure, ‘Hekuang’ is used in declarative sentences more than ‘하물며’, and Korean ‘하물며’ is used in interrogative sentences more than ‘Hekuang’; in terms of co-occurrence expressions, the common expressions of the two show a mirror-image distribution. Thirdly, in terms of pragmatics, we mainly conducted a preliminary analysis from the perspective of information focus and proposed that these two expressions are not limited to promoting the post-contrast focus, but can also prompt the pre-focus, but ‘Hekuang’ prompts the usage of the pre-focus is more typical than ‘하물며’.