1960년대 문학에 나타난 문화정책의 지배이념과 저항이념의 헤게모니-남정현 <분지> 필화사건을 중심으로

Abstract

This paper examines Park Chung-hee regime's culture policies reflected in Korean literature in the 1960-1970s. It outlines a hegemony struggle between the ruling ideology in the ruling block's culture policy and the resistance ideology of the civic society's block. Nam Jeong-hyeon's "literary woe" of Land of Dung (1965) can be cited as a typical case of the hegemony struggle between the ruling ideology and the resistance ideology. This paper sheds light again on arguments surrounding the literary woe of Land of Dung; the judiciary authorities tried to define the novel as anti-USA and pro-communist, while the defendants insisted that the novel seeks to express national subjectivity. As a result, this case was interpreted as a field of argument between Park Chung-hee regime that tried to establish an oppressive political order based on anti-communism, and the free, democratic civic society who tried to defend the freedom of expression. However, the judiciary authorities rejected the novelist-purported national subjectivity, and ruled the novelist guilty by the reason of the novel benefitting North Korea with its anti-USA and pro-communist content. Meanwhile, the defendants argued that freedom of expression is the essence of free democracy, and that since novels are the output of imagination, their allegories should be read. Also, the issue that should be taken with regard to this novel is not the superficial argument of national pride and anti-USA sentiment arising from it, but the allegorical situation setting and artistic achievement of parodic language. This is because the novel uses multi-voice language and presents a monological narration to reject a unilateral argument and single-voice language of the ruling ideology. The novel postulated the resistance ideology of free democracy, as well as rejected totalitarian language, thereby successfully breaking the unilateralism and homogeneity of the ruling language.