1세기 유대교 인간론의 악한 성향과 바울의 인간론
Evil Inclination in the Understanding of Human Beings in the First Century Judaism and Paul’s Anthropology
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Rabbinic discussions of the good and evil inclination consist of the frame of Jewish anthropology. Such an understanding of human beings is also found in the first century Judaism. Paul, who was raised in a Jewish environment, must have been aware of the details of Jewish anthropology. His presentation of human problems in Romans 7:14-25 resembles it in that both of the perspectives share the same kind of frame and concepts. However, Paul departs from the Jewish understanding of human beings in that (1) the law is no solution for the sin or human desire, but still a part of the problem, (2) the Holy Spirit is the ultimate answer to that problem, and (3) his perspective upon human beings under the law is no optimistic but pessimistic. His anthropology is quite different from that of Judaism of his day. According to him, human beings are able to discern the good from the evil. Yet, they have no moral capacity to perform what they perceive as good. New Testament scholars who adhere to the New Perspective upon Paul need to explain how this pessimistic anthropology of Paul can be compatible with their understanding of justifications, which emphasizes transformation and moral deeds. Pauline anthropology requires salvation by grace, not by works. It is also to be brought into theological consideration that the sin that Christians fight against is no outward structural or environmental sin but the sin residing deep inside us.
Abstract
Rabbinic discussions of the good and evil inclination consist of the frame of Jewish anthropology. Such an understanding of human beings is also found in the first century Judaism. Paul, who was raised in a Jewish environment, must have been aware of the details of Jewish anthropology. His presentation of human problems in Romans 7:14-25 resembles it in that both of the perspectives share the same kind of frame and concepts. However, Paul departs from the Jewish understanding of human beings in that (1) the law is no solution for the sin or human desire, but still a part of the problem, (2) the Holy Spirit is the ultimate answer to that problem, and (3) his perspective upon human beings under the law is no optimistic but pessimistic. His anthropology is quite different from that of Judaism of his day. According to him, human beings are able to discern the good from the evil. Yet, they have no moral capacity to perform what they perceive as good. New Testament scholars who adhere to the New Perspective upon Paul need to explain how this pessimistic anthropology of Paul can be compatible with their understanding of justifications, which emphasizes transformation and moral deeds. Pauline anthropology requires salvation by grace, not by works. It is also to be brought into theological consideration that the sin that Christians fight against is no outward structural or environmental sin but the sin residing deep inside us.
참고문헌 (53)
- E. E. Urbach, "The Sages: Their Concepts and Beliefs", pp.471~483 (1979), Harvard University Press
- C. G. Montefiore, "A Rabbinic Anthology Selected and Arranged with Comments and Introductions" (1960), World, Jewish Publication Society
- G. H. Cohen Stuart, "The Struggle in Man between Good and Evil: An Inquiry into the Origin of the Rabbinic Concept of Yeser Hara" (1984), J.H. Kok
- Frank C. Porter, "Biblical and Semitic Studies" (1901), Yale Bicentennial Publications, Scribner’s
- Francis Brown, "The New Brown-Driver-Briggs-Gesenius Hebrew and English Lexicon with An Appendix Containing the Biblical Aramaic", pp.427~428 (1979), Hendrickson
- Johann Cook, "The Origin of the Tradition of the bwjh rcy and [rh rcy", Journals for the Study of Judaism, 38 (2007)
- Joel Marcus, "The Evil Inclination in the Epistle of James", CBQ, 44 (1982)
- J. J. Collins, "Jewish Wisdom in the Hellenistic Age", pp.83~ (1997), Westminster John Knox Press
- I. Epstein, "The Babylonian Talmud, 35 vols" (1961), Soncino
- Patrick H. Alexander, "The SBL Handbook of Style: For Ancient Near Eastern, Biblical, and Early Christian Studies" (1999), Hendrickson
- Louis Goldberg, "The Sin Nature and Yetzer Har’a: Are They the Same or Different?", Mishkan, 32 (2000)
- Reuven Hammer, "A Tannaitic Commentary on the Book of Deuteronomy, Piska 32", pp.59~ (1982), Yale University Press
- H. Danby, "The Mishnah", pp.10~ (1933)
- Ishay Rosen-Zvi, "Two Rabbinic Inclinations?: Rethinking a Scholarly Dogma", Journal for the Study of Judaism, 39, pp.522~ (2008)
- Jeremy Cohen, "Original Sin as The Evil Inclination: A Polemicist’s Appreciation of Human Nature", HTR, 73, pp.495~520 (1980)
- Ishay Rosen-Zvi, "Sexualizing the Evil Inclination: Rabbinic Yetzer and Modern Scholarship", Journal of Jewish Studies, 60 (2009)
- H. Freedman, "Midrash Rabbah vol. 1 Genesis", pp.68~ (1983), Soncino Press
- Daniel Boyarin, "Carnal Israel: Reading Sex in Talmudic Culture", pp.63~ (1993), University of California Press
- G. F. Moore, "Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era 1", pp.480~ (1971), Schocken
- Murphy, Roland E., "Animadversiones", Biblica, 39, pp.334~345 (1958)
- Eibert Tigchelaar, "Empsychoi Logoi: Religious Innovations in Antiquity: Studies in Honour of Pieter Willem van der Horst", pp.348~ (2008), Brill
- John Joseph Collins, "Seers, Sibyls, and Sages in Hellenistic-Roman Judaism", pp.379~ (2001), Brill Academic
- F. García Martínez, "The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated: The Qumran Texts in English", pp.1996, Brill
- G. Vermes, "The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English", pp.1997, Allen Lane
- Irving Jacobs, "Midrashic Background for James", NTS, 22, pp.461~ (1975)
- D. Flusser, "Qumran and Jewish ‘Apotropaic’Prayers", Israel Exploration Journal, 16 (1966)
- Bilha Nitzan, "Qumran Prayer and Religious Poetry", pp.334~ (1994), Brill
- Richard Lowry, "The Dark Side of The Soul: Human Nature and The Problem of Evil in Jewish and Christian Traditions", Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 35 (1998)
- Harry Austryn Wolfson, "Philo: Foundations of Religious Philosophy in Judaism, Christianity and Islam, vol. 2", pp.288~290 (1947), Harvard University Press
- W. D. Davies, "Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology" (1980), Fortress
- Larry R. Helyer, "Exploring Jewish Lterature of the Second Temple Period: A Guide for New Testament Students", pp.94~ (2002), InterVarsity Press
- George W. E. Nickelsburg, "Jewish Literature between the Bible and the Mishnah: A Historical and Literary Introduction", pp.62~ (1981), Fortress
- H. C. Kee, "The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (vol. 1)", pp.777~778 (1983), Doubleday
- Marcus, "The Evil Inclination in the Letters of Paul", Irish Biblical Studies, 8, pp.8~21 (1986)
- Thomas R. Schreiner, "Romans", pp.373~ (1998), Baker Books
- J. D. G. Dunn, "The Theology of Paul the Apostle", pp.84~90 (1998), William B. Eerdmans
- J. D. G. Dunn, "Romans 1-8", pp.391~ (1988), Word
- Hermann Lichtenberger, "Das Ich Adams und das Ich der Menschheit: Studien zum Menschenbild in Romer 7" (2004), Mohr Siebeck
- Joseph Shulam, "A Commentary on the Jewish Roots of Romans", pp.254~258 (1997), Messianic Jewish Publishers
- Michael L. Satlow, "And on the Earth You Shall Sleep : Talmud Torah and Rabbinic Asceticism", The Journal of Religion, 83, pp.210~ (2003)
- Augustine, "Retraction", ~
- "Against Two Letters of Pelagians 1", 10~11
- Douglas J. Moo, "The Epistle to the Romans", pp.444~ (1996), Eerdmans
- Werner Georg K?mmel, "R?mer 7 und Das Bild des Menschen im Neuen Testament; zwei Studien" (1974), Kaiser
- Stanley Kent Stowers, "A Rereading of Romans: Justice, Jews, and Gentiles", pp.266~269 (1994), Yale University Press
- E. Käsemann, "Commentary on Romans", pp.200~ (1980), Eerdmans
- Emero Stiegman, "Rabbinic Anthropology", Aufstieg und Niedergang der R?dmischen Welt, 2(2), pp.540~554 (1979)
- Martin Buber, "The Rung of Evil", Parabola, 24, pp.28~ (1999)
- Elizabeth Shanks Alexander, "Art, Argument, and Ambiguity in the Talmud: Conflicting Conceptions of the Evil Impulse in b. Sukkah 51b-52a", Hebrew Union College Annual, 73, pp.97~132 (2002)
- 김철홍, "바울신학의 새 관점 비판: 바울복음의 기원-칭의론과 최후의 심판론을 중심으로-", 신약연구, 15(4), pp.838~874 (2013), 한국복음주의신약학회
- Stephen Westerholm, "Divine and Human Agency in Paul and His Cultural Environment", pp.71~98 (2006), T & T Clark
- James D. G. Dunn, "Four Views on the Role of Works at the Final Judgment" (2013), Zondervan
- N. T. Wright, "What Saint Paul Really Said: Was Paul of Tarsus the Real Founder of Christianity?" (1997), Eerdmans