“유대교 안의 바울”과 대화를 통한 믿음-의와 행위-심판에 관한 고찰
A Consideration of the Coexistence of Faith-Righteousness and Work-Judgment through a Dialogue with Paul within Juda
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본 논문은 믿음과 행함의 관계에 대한 ‘유대교 안의 바울’의 주장을 비평하고 동시에 전통주의적 해석에 대한 수정적 제안을 한다. 이를 위해 바울을 둘러싸고 있는 다층적 상황─유대교 배경, 그리스도의 계시, 그리고 이방인 선교─을 고찰한 후 다음과 같이 제안한다. 첫째, 바울은 믿음과 행함의 대조를 구원이 아닌 ‘의’를 위해 사용한다. 즉, 바울은 행위 없는 의로움을 제시하지만 행위 없는 구원을 제시하지 않는다. 이러한 견해는 믿음과 행위를 구원의 수단으로대조하여 양립할 수 없는 것으로 만든 뒤, 행위-심판에 관한 바울의진술을 권면을 위한 수사적 기교로 제한하는 전통적인 이해에 좋은대안이 된다. 바울은 믿음을 그리스도를 통해 도래한 새로운 시대의‘의’의 방식으로 제안하며, 신자의 삶의 행위를 다가올 심판의 대상으로 설명한다. 이런 점에서 바울은 고대 유대교의 ‘율법-의’와 행위- 심판사상의 그 토대 위에서 믿음-의와 행위-심판을 제시한다. 둘째, 그럼에도 바울은 유대교와 분명한 차이를 보인다. ‘유대교 안의 바울’은 바울이 여전히 유대교 안에 머물러 있으며 그의 진술은 유대교의 사상으로 이해할 수 있다고 제안하지만, 의, 율법, 행위에 대한바울의 이해는 유대교와 큰 차이를 보인다. 또한, 바울에게 신자의행위는 율법의 행위가 아니라 성령을 통한 새로운 시대의 윤리적 삶을 의미한다. 바울에게 율법의 행위를 촉구하는 것은 옛 시대의 방법이며 성령을 따라 살아가는 윤리는 새 시대의 삶의 방식이다.
Abstract
The current study provides a critical evaluation to Paul within Judaism, concerning faith and works, and at the same time suggests an alternative reading to the conventional understanding of Paul. In particular, this study investigates the multi-layered context of Paul, i.e., Paul’s Jewish background, Paul’s experience of the revelation of Christ, and the inclusion of Gentiles in God’s covenant, and asserts the followings. First, Paul contradicts faith and works as the means of righteousness not of salvation. Paul maintains the righteousness without works not salvation without works. Such view can be a reasonable alternative to the traditional understanding, which reckons faith and works as incompatible, confining the emphasis of works as the exhortative rhetoric. Paul proposes faith as a new way for righteousness in a new era through Christ and explains the works as the object of furture judgment. In this vein, Paul establishes his view of faith-righteousness on the basis of Jewish notion of law-righteousness and work-judgment. Second, Paul exhibits significant differences in his perception of the law and works from Judaism. “Paul within Judaism” argues that Paul remains in Judaism and his statements can be interpreted within Judaism. For Paul, however, the faithful life of believers is not about observing the Jewish law but a new type of ethical life empowered by the Spirit. To adhere to the Jewish law belongs to the old age, while the way of the new era requires works enacted through the Spirit.
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