예수 전승의 전달에서 전달의 주체와 전승의 신뢰성 - 양식비평과 사회적 기억이론에 대한 평가 -
Subject of Transmission and Reliability in the Transmission of Jesus Tradition -Appraisal of Form Criticism and Social Memory Theory-
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양식비평가들에 따르면, 예수 전승이 복음서 전승으로 전달될 때, 그 과정이 구두에서 기록으로, 아람어에서 헬라어로, 유대-팔레스타인에서 헬라 도시로 단일방향적으로만 전달되었다고 전제한다. 그리고 전승의 전달자가 ‘이름이 없고 알려지지 않은’ 목격자들이었다고주장한다. 그래서 전승의 전달은 공식적이지 않고 통제되지 않았다고 제시한다. 그런 점에서 그들은 전승의 신뢰성이 낮다고 생각한다. 최근에, 사회적 기억 이론가들은 양식비평의 단점을 극복하려고 하였으나, 여전히 한계가 있어 보인다. 기억이 불안정하고 다수이며 유동적이라는 전제와 기억의 주체가 불명확하다는 점은 양식 비평의유산을 그대로 상속한 것으로 보여진다. 그러나 우리는 다섯 가지를고려할 필요가 있다. 첫째, 구두 중심의 사회에서 구두 전승이 신뢰하지 못할 전달 체계였던 것은 아니다. 둘째, 구두 중심의 고대 사회가 지금 보다 훨씬 더 암기를 잘했으며, 보조 도구로서 기록 전승이있었을 가능성이 있다. 셋째, 주후 1세기 유대-팔레스타인의 이중언어적 특징을 고려해야 한다. 넷째, ‘이름이 없고 알려지지 않은’ 목격자라기보다는 ‘이름이 있고 알려진’ 목격자였다. 마지막으로, 기억과전승 사이에 전달의 주체가 권위있는 그룹이 있었던 것으로 보인다. 이런 점에서, 예수 전승이 복음서 전승으로 전달되는 과정이 보다공식적이고 통제된 전달이었을 가능성이 높고, 복음서 전승은 양식비평과 사회적 기억이론에서 말하는 것보다 더 신뢰할 만한 것으로보인다.
Abstract
Form critics assume that when the Jesus tradition was transmitted into the Gospel tradition, the process was unidirectional, from oral to written, from Aramaic to Greek, from Judea-Palestine to Hellenisticc cities. They argue that the transmitters were "nameless and unknown" eyewitnesses. They suggest that the transmission was informal and uncontrolled. As such, they consider it unreliable. More recently, social memory theorists have attempted to overcome the drawbacks of form criticism, but it still seems to have limitations. The prepositions that memory is unstable, multiple, and fluid, and that the subject of memory is unclear, seem to be a legacy of form criticism. However, we need to consider five things. First, oral transmission was not necessarily an unreliable transmission system in oral-centered societies. Second, it is possible that ancient oral societies were much better at memorization than we are today, and that written transmission was a supplementary tool. Third, we must consider the bilingual nature of Judeo-Palestine in the first century CE. Fourth, eyewitnesses were "named and known" rather than "unnamed and unknown". Finally, there appears to have been an authoritative group between memory and transmission. In this respect, the transmission of the Jesus tradition into the Gospel tradition was likely a more formal and controlled transmission, and the Gospel tradition appears to be more reliable than form criticism and social memory theory would suggest.
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