율리우스 클라우디우스 황조기 로마 제국의 대전략

Abstract

According to Luttwak, the grand strategy of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Nero(31 B.C.~ A.D. 68) was to rely on the client states that maintained the security of the Imperial frontiers, while using mobile strike forces strategically located throughout the empire. The Romans were able to keep the safety of the empire with a relatively small army. During this period, the Roman Empire employed a strategy of combining the direct rule over the provinces with the indirect rule over the client states. During the reign of Augustus, only 25 legio (25 after the disaster of Barus) and auxilia that assisted the legio secured the peace of the vast empire stretching from Hispania to Syria and Egypt. The Roman emperors effectively secured the security of the frontiers from outside invasions by managing the client states as allies, and had reserve forces to cope with grave threats. Foreign invaders first invaded the territory of the client states, and the attacked client states defeated the enemy with their own army if possible, and if it was impossible, they were assisted by the Roman army. As allies the client states provided cavalry, light infantry, archers and mounted archers to form auxilia. The Roman Empire controlled and administered the rulers of the client states(tribes) continuously. Loyal rulers of client states usually received Roman citizenship as compensation, with some rulers receiving equestrian order. Granting subsidy to the client tribes has been a constant policy from the time before principate. The Imperial Army was a multi-purpose field forces with a balanced role of legiones and auxilia, but it had an advantage in high-density combat. As the concentration of troops and the density of combat increased, tactical superiority of the Imperial army stood out. The Imperial troops were trained to be fit to fight against the enemy with fixed assets such as city, and it was difficult to exercise their ability in battle against the enemy whose assets and sources of power were not concentrated. In Luttwak's view, it was based on reasonable judgment that the Roman Empire did not conquer the Germanic tribes, Parthia, and nomadic peoples of Arabia and North Africa.