왕정기에서 3세기까지 로마 군대의 규모

Abstract

It was believed that the first military structure was based on the three tribes of regal period-the Ramnes, the Tities and the Luceres. Each tribe provided 1,000 men towards the army. The resulting force, some 3,000 men, was known as the legion. By 362 the army was split into two legions, and by 311 into four, which becomes the standard total. Command of the army rested with the consuls who held civil and military power for a single year. Each consul usually commanded two of the legions. Each legion also had six tribunus militum. During a threatened Gallic invasion in 225, and then over a long succession of years from 218 onward, the total number on service jumped sharply. An additional seven legions were raised at 217, and the same number in 216. Continuing recruitment in the following years resulted in upwards of twenty legions being in service in the period 214-203. The size of the army remained at a high level until Actium when more than sixty legions were in commission. At the beginning of the Empire the army consisted of twenty-eight legions. In 9 the number of legions reduced to twenty-five. Trajan raised the number to thirty, and the number of thirty-three was finally passed by Septimius Severus. The legion of the Empire was a force of 5,000 men. The total number of the army was 40,000 men in the fourth century BC, and increased to a force of between 300,000 and 400,000 men in the third century BC. When Octavianus had won the battle of Actium, he had at his disposal all the Roman armies which had been representing 600,000-800,000 men, including 300,000-400,000 legionaries and as many allies again. Because Augustus discharged over 300,000 veterans, the number of legionaries and auxiliaries reduced to 300,000-400,000.