존 포테스큐의 자유주의 법사상
Sir John Fortescue's Liberal Thoughts on Law
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그동안 잉글랜드 자유주의에 관한 논의들은 명예혁명이나 로크를 근대 자유주의의 기원으로 이해하는 것이 일반적 경향이었다. 하지만 이러한 이해는 잉글랜드의 전통적인 헌정관이 명예혁명을 만들어낸 원인이 되었다는 점을 간과한다. 스튜어트 왕조에서 시작된 정치적 긴장이 오랜 내전을 거치면서 결국 명예혁명으로 귀결된 과정에서 의회파와 보통법 법률가들이 군주와 왕당파에 맞서 투쟁할 수 있었던 원동력이 된 것은 고래 헌정주의로 대표되는 잉글랜드 헌정과 자유의 전통에 대한 믿음이었다. 15세기 잉글랜드 법률가인 존 포테스큐는 바로 이 헌정주의의 기초를 놓았다. 본 연구에서는 잉글랜드의 자유주의에 국한해 개인주의와 자유주의가 어떻게 긴밀하게 연관된 것인지 설명하고, 존 포테스큐의 저술을 중심으로 도미니언, 잉글랜드의 혼합 군주정, 몸의 정치, 법의 지배와 자유 등의 주제를 소개했다. 아울러 그의 법사상이 남긴 유산이라는 차원에서 영국 혁명기에 존 포테스큐가 어떤 영향을 남겼는지를 검토했다. 마지막으로 영국 자유주의의 대표로 거론되는 로크에 대한 국내 연구에서 나타나는 문제점, 특히 명예혁명으로 성취한 자유의 헌정이 존 포테스큐의 계승이라는 사실이 간과된 결과 나타난 몇 가지 오해들(대표적으로 영국 혁명기에 왕권신수설이 지배적 패러다임이었다는 견해나 로크가 인민주권론자였다는 견해)에 대해 검토했다.
Abstract
Until recently, scholarly discussions on English liberalism have generally tended to see the Glorious Revolution(1689) or John Locke as the origin of modern liberalism in England. However, this perspective overlooks the simple fact that the traditional English constitutionalism, that is Ancient Constitutionalism, worked as main cause for the road to the English Revolution. In fact, it was the deep belief in the traditional constitutional dedication to freedom and liberty represented by ancient constitutionalism which drove the parliamentarians and common lawyers to lead sacred fights against the monarch and the royalists in hard times of civil war. It's well-known fact that the ancient constitutionalism was founded by Sir John Fortescue, Chief Justice of Henry Ⅵ. Firstly, this article aims to explain how individualism and liberalism are closely related in English society, and introduce some topics such as Dominion, mixed-monarchy of England, body politics, and the rule of law, constitution of liberty, focusing on Fortescue's writings. Secondly, this article examines main features of political debates during the English Revolution in the perspective of Fortescue’s legacy. Finally, This article discusses some misunderstandings in researches on Locke, especially that theory of divine rights of king was a prevailing paradigm during English Revolution.
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