조선시대 호서지역 묘제 일고찰

Abstract

In the Joseon period, the Hoseo(Chungnam and Chungbuk) region was the center of the Giho school and the development of 'Yehak'(courtesy scriptures theory). Changes in the myoje(grave-site rites) of the Hoseo region, therefore, seem to be closely related to the spread of Yehak. The number of graves currently identified for the Joseon period in the Hoseo region is 64-36 for the Chungnam region and 28 for the Chungbuk region. This study aims to conduct a formalist analysis of the present data, identifying the chronology and regionality of Joseon period graves in the Hoseo region, which was the center of Yehak since the 16th century. The archaeological evidence is also considered in association with relevant texts from the Yehak books. Most of the Yehak books from the Joseon period are versions of Jujagarye(Chu Hsi's Family Rituals) which have been revised to fit the realities of Joseon life. Comprising texts such as Gukjo oryeui(Five Rituals of the Yi Dynasty), Garye jimnam(Exposition of Family Rites), Uirye munhae(Explanations on Doubtful Points in Ritual), Sangrye biyo (Essentials of Funeral Rites) and Sarye pyeollam(Convenient Reference to the Four Rites), the Yehak books were published and spread amongst the royal family, yangban(aristocrats) and sadaebu(literati). These Yehak books discuss matters such as the use of lime as opposed to stone, the lining of the grave with charcoal, whether to use soemok, whether pyeonbang exists, and how to arrange jiseok(memorial stones), all of which can be archaeologically observed. 'Hoegwag-myo'(lime soil mixture tomb) and 'togwang-myo'(earthen tomb) are grave types which represent the burial style of the Hoseo region in the Joseon period. These graves are classified into two types - Type I(hoegwag-myo) and Type II(togwang-myo) - according to the use of lime, and further subdivided according to detailed characteristics. The results of the analysis indicate that the different grave types are clearly associated with social stratification and region. In terms of social stratification, it appears that the IA style was used by the royal family and yangban sadaebu class, while styles IB1, IB2 and IIA1 were used by the yangban sadaebu and the wealthy yangban class. The IIA1b style was used by the general yangban class and the wealthy non-yangban class, while styles IIA2, IIB1 and IIB2 appear to have been used by the general, non-yangban class. Regarding regional variation, the IA and IB1 styles, which faithfully observe garye (family rituals), are located near major towns(eub) such as Gongju-mok and Hongju-mok, while the IIA1a style, in which pyeonbang(lounge) was identified but did not use lime, is found near Cheongju-mok and traffic routes. It can be presumed that Yehak books were spread along traffic routes and around major towns such as Gongju-mok, Hongju-mok and Cheongju-mok. Finally, the higher rate of Type 1 graves identified in the Asan area may be explained by the fact that lime production in the Hoseo region was limited to this area.