러시아 조직범죄 집단의 진화와 조직화된 부패 네트워크
The Evolution of Organized Crime Group and the Organized Corruption Network in Current Russia
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이 연구는 러시아의 조직범죄 집단(범죄 마피야)이 2000년대 푸틴 집권 이후 어떻게 변화하고 있는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 불법적이고 폭력적인 방법을 통해 1990년대 급성장한 러시아 조직범죄 집단의 변화는 푸틴 집권이후 강화된 국가권력에 의해 촉진되었다. 옐친 시기에 성장한 올리가르키들은 정계진출이 가로막힘에 따라 합법적이고 효율적으로 국가관료를 이용할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 찾아야만 하였다. 범죄 마피야 역시 실로비키를 통한 국가통제력의 증가로 인해 국가영역을 대신하는 공공연한 불법적인 활동은 급속히 위축되어 합법화된 사업을 모색할 수밖에 없었다. 그리하여 조직범죄 집단은 2000년대에 들어오면서 컨설팅 회사나 경호회사와 같은 합법적인 기업으로 변신하여 이를 통해 이를 통해 기업과 관료를 연결하고 뇌물을 통해 청부기업의 문제를 해결하는 로비스트 활동을 하는 합법적인 형태로 진화하였다. 그리고 이러한 로비스트 활동을 통해 이전의 관료 마피야와 범죄 마피야, 그리고 비즈니스 마피야는 뇌물수수를 매개로 서로 결합하게 된다. 말하자면 범죄에 대한 조사권을 이용하여 새로운 통제집단으로 부상한 법 집행기구를 중심으로 조직화된 부패 네트워크(Organized Corruption Network)로 만들어지게 된 것이다. 러시아의 부패는 조직화된 부패 네트워크로 인해 더욱 확산되고 일상화되고 있다. 따라서 국가와 자본이 조직화된 부패 네트워크로 연결되어 있는 한 러시아의 부패는 지속되고 확대재생산 될 것으로 전망된다.
Abstract
Many students of Russian criminal mafya define the situation of the 1990’s, which reflects the time of Yeltsin’s presidency, as a period of extensive growth and shaping of organized crime group. In the past decade, Russia have experienced the assimilation and collaboration of diverse players-such as criminals, state officials, businessmen, and law enforcement-into organized corruption network aimed to obtain financial and economic gains. This study aims to investigate new phenomenon of the OCN(organized corruption network). And the main focus is directed toward the fundamental evolutionary changes, that have taken place in Russia in the last 10 years, manifesting themselves in consistently increasing the rate of economic crime-corruption and shift of power from organized crime to organized corruption network. In a 1997 report, the Center for Strategic and International Studies presented an illustration they called the ‘Iron Triangle’ which depicted the three major groups that dominated Russian society through the 1990s: business, bureaucracy and crime groups. Nowadays, this “Iron Triangle” collapsed and became a straight line. The member of crime group were simultaneously businessmen. Likewise, bureaucrats became member of criminal groups. Instead of a triangle, the various combinations evolved. Since the end of the Yeltsin era and the beginning of the Putin era, organized crime group have transformed into a new structure, the Organized Corruption Network. The OCN offers a new ‘roof’(крыша) - protection to criminals for about 30-50% of their earnings. The OCN’s law enforcement members have became the new controlling entity, using investigative powers to cintrol crime. Therefore the emerging of the OCN make worse the Russian society into the whelming of corruption. The average bribe grew nearly twofold in five years from 2780 rubles(approx. US$90) in 2005 to 5285 rubles in 2010(approx. US$176). Additionally, the total volume of petty bribery in Russia has also grown significantly from 164 billion rubles(approx. US$5.8 billion) from 129 billion rubles(US$4.6 billion) five years ago. Finally, the future of the nature of corruption in Russia is that, for a long time it has been imbedded in the system of social relations because of the Organized Corruption Network.
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