푸틴시기 러시아의 조직범죄와 부패
Corruption and Organized Crime in Putin's Russia
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소비에트 붕괴의 즉각적인 여파로, 러시아의 조직범죄는 전성기를 맞았다. 탈소비에트 초기의 무정부상태에 가까운 취약한 국가는 조직화되었던 아니든 대부분의 범죄 형태가 성장할 수 있는 이상적인 조건을 창출했고, 푸틴시기까지 발전, 진화하고 있다. 부패문제 또한 지난 10년 동안 러시아에서 국가형성의 첫 단계에서는 아주 드물게 많은 관심을 끌었다. 1990년대 초 변혁기 동안 개혁가들은 주로 사회주의 시스템을 해체하고 민주주의와 시장경제의 새로운 토대를 마련하는 데 촛점을 맞추었다. 그러나 시장경제가 기능하기 위해 필수적인 새로운 법률시스템의 형성은 부상하는 엘리트들의 새로운 자기이윤 획득 가능성을 열었다. 본 논문은 푸틴시기 러시아의 조직범죄와 부패현상을 입수 가능한 각종 통계자료와 국제적 부패지수, 즉 국제투명성기구(TI)의 부패인식지수(CPI)와 Freedom House의 이행기국가지수(Nations in Transit)를 통해 분석해 볼 것이다. 아울러 러시아의 부패와 조직범죄에 대한 중기적 경향들을 분석해 볼 것이다. 그리고 이런 조직범죄와 부패현상을 뿌리 뽑고자 했지만 한계에 부딪혀 성과를 내지 못한 따라서 강제력의 독점을 통해 질서와 안정을 공급해야 할 국가가 오히려 불확실성과 보호의 공백을 제공함으로써 이런 문제들에 대한 필요성(의존성)을 증대시키는 외부적 환경적 요인을 제공했던 푸틴의 개혁(에너지 분야의 재국유화 renationalization), 러시아 국가 능력의 부족, 권위주의적 경향 등도 살펴볼 것이다. 마지막으로, 조직범죄와 부패가 통상 상호 연계되어 있고 서로 상승관계에 있다는 주장이 있고 또 수용되고 있는데, 러시아의 경우를 통해 살펴볼 것이다. 결론적으로 정치적 의지는 부패와 조직범죄율을 줄이는 필요조건이지 충분조건은 아니다. 푸틴은 자신의 집권 1기에 일정부분의 정치적 의지를 보여주었지만 국가적 능력은 제한되어 있었다. 집권 2기에는 국가적 능력이 증가한 반면 시선은 다른 곳에 있었다. 부패와 조직범죄라는 현상의 미래는 러시아의 새로운 지도부의 태도와 능력에 분명 적지 않게 의존할 것이다. 그러나 지금까지의 경향이나 추세로 볼 때, 소비에트 시절 이래 관료사회에 만연된 부패와 쿨락에 뿌리를 두고 10여년간 체계화된 조직범죄의 문제는 푸틴에 이어 메드베데프 정권의 풀기 어려운 숙제로 여전히 남아있다.
Abstract
In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of Soviet power in Russia, organised crime appeared to grow like mushrooms after the rain. The near anarchy and weak state of the early post-Soviet period, coupled with a disastrous economic situation, created ideal conditions for the growth of most types of crime, including organised. While Vladimir Putin did achieve much, including a marked improvement in Russia’s self-image and economy, there were also a number of real problem areas such as the fight against corruption and organised crime. The former was one of the few relative failures Putin acknowledged. Indeed, he described corruption as ‘the most wearying and difficult to resolve’ of all Russia’s problems while he was president. In fact, Russia does appear to have had consistently high levels of corruption throughout the post-communist period This analysis provides a critical overview of the data(Rosstat statistics, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, Freedom House's Nations in Transit ect.)available on corruption and organised crime in Putin’s Russia, and an analysis of the medium-term trends. In the case of organised crime, the opportunities for increased activity are enhanced as globalization spreads and boundaries become ever more permeable — suggesting an increase in such activity. As far as Russia is concerned, it is accepted that organised crime and corruption are interactive. A corrupt state is seen to encourage, or at least facilitate, organised crime. Two closely related variables common to the future of both corruption and organised crime will be the political will of the new Russian leadership, as well as the state capacity available to the new president. But the war against corruption and organised crime will not be easy.
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