자원저주 현상과 푸틴의 국가주의 에너지 정책
The Resource Curse and Putin’s Statist Energy Policy
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본 논문은 러시아의 자원저주 현상을 경제발전과 민주주의 발전과의 관계 속에서 진단하고 푸틴의 국가주의 에너지 정책이 이러한 현상을 치유하는 적절한 대응인지를 분석하는 것을 연구 목표로 한다. 푸틴의 에너지 정책은 옐친 시기와 비교해서 국가의 역할을 더욱 강조하는 것은 사실이지만 엄격한 의미에서 국가주의로 보기는 어려우며, 에너지 자산의 국가통제 강화를 통한 국익과 경제적 효율성의 균형 고려라는 국가주의적 에너지 정책으로 규정할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 그의 정책이 거시경제정책 시행의 국가능력 강화와 올리가르히 자본주의의 교정이라는 정치경제적 맥락에서 그 정당성이 전혀 없다고 보기 어렵다. 그러나 푸틴의 이러한 국가주의적 정책의 성공을 예측하기는 어려울 것 같다. 첫째, 러시아 자원저주 현상의 핵심은 지대추구와 부패가 경제적 자원저주와 정치적 자원저주의 연결고리 역할을 하고 있는 것이라 할 때 민주적 책임성이 확보되는 거버넌스 확립만이 장기적 해법이며 국가주의 에너지 정책은 민주적 책임성에 부정적 영향을 미칠 것이다. 둘째, 90년대 민영화 과정을 볼 때 러시아의 올리가르히에 대해 부정적인 생각을 갖는 것은 당연한 일이지만 체제전환기에 있는 러시아의 상황을 고려할 때 올리가르히에 의해 주도된 통합형 거대복합기업(conglomerate)이 더 능률적일 수 있으며 실제로 러시아 석유 부문의 경험은 그것을 잘 보여주고 있다. 셋째, 푸틴의 국가 자산 통제 강화가 국내의 정치적 경쟁 수준의 하락으로 가능해진 것이기 때문에 자원 지대가 권력 유지의 자원으로 활용될 가능성이 크다는 점을 유의해야 한다. 건전한 거시경제정책이 포퓰리즘적 성격으로 바뀔 위험성이 크며, 가스 및 전력산업의 구조조정을 방해할 가능성이 크다. 마지막으로 국익과 경제적 효율성은 배치될 가능성이 큰데 국가주의적 정책 하에서는 경제적 효율성이 희생될 가능성이 크며, 러시아의 송유관 사업 부분은 이러한 가능성을 잘 대변해 주고 있다.
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