시진핑 시기 반부패운동의 정치논리 -시장, 법치, 거브넌스의 관계-
The Political Logic of Anti-corruption campaign in Xi Jingping Era: Focusing on Market, Rule of Law, and Governance
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시진핑 시기 반부패운동은 단순한 권력투쟁이나 도덕적 개조가 아니라 권력을 한 시장왜곡을 바로잡기 위한 ‘심화개혁(deepening reform)’ 나아가 발전모델의 환으로 볼 수 있다. 중국이 직면한 구조는 다음과 같다. 첫째 ‘보이는 손’인 정부가 ‘보이지 않는 손’인 시장을 지배하는 정치구조이다. 둘째, 새로운 사회집단과 회문화의 등장, 인구유동성 확대, 외부세계와의 접촉 강화에 적응하지 못하는 회구조이다. 셋째, 특혜와 융자, 세금우대, 참여기회를 보장하면서 국가와 유착 자본이 시장에서 실패하지 않도록 만들어 주는 경제구조이다. 이러한 세 축에서 패, 특권 그리고 지대추구(rent seeking)의 고착화현상은 현재의 경제적 과두체제가 정치적 과두체제로 전환될 수 있는 위험을 지니게 되었다. 따라서 이를 극복하는 것은 부문개혁으로는 한계가 있었고 중국의 시스템 자체를 개혁목표로 삼을 밖에 없었다. 시진핑 시기 중국의 반부패운동이 성역(sanctuary)을 두지 않고 속적이며 신속하게 추진했던 배경이나 시장과 법치(rule of law) 그리고 거버넌스로 연결된 유기적인 개혁을 추진한 것이다. 물론 시진핑 시기 반부패운동이 견제와 균형시스템을 붕괴시키면서 권력집중화가 나타나고 새로운 부패가 배태될 수 있다는 부정적 전망이 있다. 그러나 시장 행위자를 늘리고 거브넌스 개혁을 추진한다는 점에서 비록 권력이 점차 강화되고는 있으나, 대중의 지지 속에서 근본적이고 새로운 정치개혁으로 발전할 수도 있는 이중적 평가가 가능하다.
Abstract
Under Xi Jinping’s administration, the anti-corruption campaign is one of the national strategies for a ‘deepening reform’, not for power struggles or moral reconstruction. This paper sees that the anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping’s administration is not to achieve the effect of ‘punishing-someone-as-a-warning-to-others’ by rooting out individuals’ irregularities, but to convert the development model of China itself. In other words, most of the corruption under Xi Jinping’s administration are structural problems created by distorted market. The first is Chinese political structure that replaces the Chinese government, ‘the visible hand’, with the market, ‘the invisible hand’. The second is the social control system that is left behind the other social changes, such as new social groups emerged, increased floating population, enhanced contacts with the outside world. The last one is the Chinese economic structure where the state makes it sure for collusive-link capitals not to fail in the market while guaranteeing preferences and financing, tax breaks and opportunities of participation. In the meantime, corruption, privilege and rent-seeking phenomena have been structured, and an economic oligarchy has emerged, which also has a risk of being converted into a political oligarchy. In overcoming all the problems above, however, the government has limitations through a sectional reform, so Xi Jinping’s administration has set it as its goal to reform the entire development system of China itself. This is the reason why Xi Jinping’s administration is constantly and rapidly carrying out the anti-corruption campaign without any sanctuary kept. For this reason, the goals of China’s core national polices, such as the rule of law, governance reform and marketization, are linked with each other in a sense under Xi Jinping’s administration. Nevertheless, there is some negative outlook that as the check and balance system against the anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping’s administration comes to collapse, all the power will be centralized, further creating new corruption patterns. Since the anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping’s administration is not a mere political campaign conducted to stabilize the state power in the past, but plays a significant role in pulling down the foundation of power-related corruption at present, however, it is more likely to develop into a fundamental and new political reform with the public support, although the state power gets gradually enhanced more.
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