국가 정체성 유형별 다문화 인식에 미치는 영향 비교: 한・미・일 3국을 중심으로
The Influence of Ethnic and Civic National Identity on Attitudes toward Multiculturalism: Comparison of Korea, America and Japan
0
조회
0
다운로드
21
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
본 연구는 국가 정체성 유형별 다문화 인식에 미치는 영향을 비교하는데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 문화적 전통과 이민정책에 특징적 차이를 보이는 한, 미, 일 3국을 대상으로, ISSP의 2차례 조사자료(2003년/2013년)를 활용하여 비교해 보았다. 분석결과, ① 국가 정체성 유형별 국가 간 차이를 보인다. 한국과 일본은 종족적 성향이 강하고, 미국은 시민적 성향이 강하다. 특히 한국은 맹목적 애국심이 높아 일본보다도 훨씬 종족형 국가임이 확인된다. ② 다문화 인식에서도 국가 간 차이를 보인다. 인지된 위협이 미국은 경제적 요인에서 비롯되고, 한국과 일본은 사회, 문화적 요인에 기인하고 있다. 또한 다문화 수용성에서 미국은 수용성은 높으나, 동화주의 경향이 높고, 일본은 수용성은 낮으나 다문화 존중 의식이 높다. 반면 한국은 수용성도 낮고, 다문화 존중 의식도 낮다. ③ 국가 정체성 유형별 다문화 인식과의 관계에서 유사점과 차이점이 발견된다. 공통적으로 종족적 정체성과 맹목적 애국심은 다문화 인식에 부정적 영향을 미치고, 시민적 정체성과 제도적 자긍심은 긍정적 영향을 미친다. 건설적 애국심은 국가 간 영향력에 차이가 있고, 문화적 자긍심은 국가별 상반된 결과를 보인다. 한국은 다문화 인식에 긍정적 영향을 보이는 반면, 미국과 일본은 부정적 영향을 보인다. ④ 개인적 속성이 다문화 인식에 미치는 영향력에 있어서도 국가 간 많은 차이를 보인다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구에서는 다문화 인식 증진에 필요한 방향 및 향후 과제에 대해 논의 하였다.
Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of ethnic and civic national identity on attitude toward multiculturalism in Korea, America and Japan. Based on the ISSP survey data(2003/2013), this research finds as following. ① The levels of ethnic and civic national identity in 3 countries are significantly different. Korea and Japan have high ethnic identity, while the America has high civic identity. ② Cross country differences in the level of attitude toward multiculturalism are also very large. America has high perceived economic threat, while Korea and Japan have the high perceived threat in social and cultural context. In addition, America has the highest acceptance of multiculturalism and perception to blend into the large society, while Japan has the highest perception to the maintain of different ethnic group’s tradition. ③ National identity and attitude toward multiculturalism in all countries show causality. Ethnic identity and blind patriotism have negative influence to the attitude toward multiculturalism, while civic identity and political pride have positive influence to the attitude toward multiculturalism. ④ In the individual variables influence to the attitude toward multiculturalism, there is a significant cross-country differences. From these results, this paper discusses research implications for further research.
참고문헌 (43)
- 김호연, "미국의 동화주의적 이민자 정책과 다문화주의", 인문과학연구, (28), pp.247~268 (2011), 인문과학연구소
- "정부, ‘이민정책’ 각종위원회 하나로 통합한다" (2016), 머니투데이[URL]
- 박성호, "일본의 다문화공생제도와 한국의 다문화정책", 일본연구, (33), pp.239~254 (2012), 일본연구소[DOI]
- 이희창, "국가 정체성과 애국심의 관계: 동․서양 5개국 특성 비교", 한국보훈논총, 12(3), pp.7~38 (2013), 한국보훈학회
- "위키백과"[URL]
- 전경옥, "주요 선진국 다문화 정책의 시민사회 공존사례연구" (2010), 숙명여자대학교
- Anderson, B., "Imagined Communities" (1991), Verso Books
- Ariely. G., "Globalization, Immigration and National Identity: How the Level of Globalization Affects the relations between Nationalism, Constructive Patriotism and Attitudes toward Immigrants?", Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 15(4), pp.539~557 (2011)
- Barone, M., "Reinventing the Melting Pot: The New Immigrants and What It Means to be an American, edited by Tamar Jacoby", pp.261~271 (2004), Basic Books
- Berg, L., "National Identity and Political Trust", Perspective on European Politics and Society, 11(4), pp.390~407 (2010)
- Berry, J. W., "Globalization and Acculturation", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, pp.328~336 (2008)
- Berry, J. W., "Acculturation, Discrimination and Adaptation among second Generation Immigrant Youth in Montreal and Paris", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, pp.191~207 (2010)
- Blank, T., "National Identity in a United Germany: Nationalism or Patriotism? An Empirical Test with Representative Data", Political Psychology, 20(1), pp.289~312 (2003)
- Breton, C., "Making National Identity Salient: Impact on Attitudes toward Immigration and Multiculturalism", Canadian Journal of Political Science, 48(2), pp.357~381 (2015)
- Brubaker, R., "Ethnicities without Groups" (2004), Harvard University Press
- Byrne, "National Identity and Attitudes Toward Immigrants in a Multicreedal America", Politics and Policy, 39(4), pp.485~514 (2011)
- Citrin, J., "Do Patriotism and Multiculturalism Collide? Competing Perspectives from Canada and United States", Canadian Journal of Political Science, 45(3), pp.531~552 (2012)
- Citrin, J., "Social Identity, Inter-Group Conflict and Conflict Resolution", pp.1~17 (2001), Oxford University Press
- Eriksen, T. H., "Immigration and National Identity in Norway" (2013), Migration Policy Institute
- Gaber. R., "National Identy and Democratic Consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe", International Journal of Sociology, 36(3), pp.35~69 (2006)
- Fetzer, J. S., "Public Attitudes toward Immigration in the United States, France and Germany" (2000), Cambridge University Press
- Fitzgerald, J., "Anxious Publics: Worries about Crime and Immigration", Comparative Political Studies, 45, pp.477~506 (2012)
- Ha, S. E., "Immigration, Threat Perception, and National Identity:Evidence from South Korea", International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 44, pp.53~62 (2015)
- Hjerm, M., "National Identities, National Pride and Xenophobia: A Comparison of Four Western Countries", ACTA Sociologica, pp.335~347 (1998)
- Hjerm, M., "The Composition of the Minority Population as a Threat:Can Real Economic and Cultural Threats Explain Xenophobia?", International Sociology, 26, pp.815~843 (2011)
- Jones, F. L, "Individual and Societal Bases of National Identity. A Comparative Multi-level Analysis", European Sociological Review, 17(2), pp.103~118 (2001)
- Lahav, G., "Immigration and Politics in the New Europe" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- Lai, M. H., "Motivation as Mediator Between National Identity and Intention to Volunteer", Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology (2012)
- Miller, D., "On Nationality" (1995), Oxford University Press
- Miller, D., "Citizenship and National Identity" (2000), Polity Press
- Miller, D., "Testing the National Identity Argument", European Consortium for Political Research, 6(2), pp.237~259 (2014)
- Moore, M., "Normative Justification for Liberal Nationalism: Justice, Democracy and National Identity", Nations and Nationalism, 7, pp.1~20 (2001)
- Raijman, R., "What does a Nation Owe Non-Citizens? National Attachments, Perception of Threat and Attitudes towards Granting Citizenship Rights in a Comparative Perspective", International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 49(2–3), pp.195~220 (2008)
- Reeskens. T., "Beyond the Civic-Ethic Dichotomy: Investigating the Structure of Citizenship Concepts Across Thirty-three Countries", Nations and Nationalism, 16(4), pp.579~597 (2010)
- Richey, S., "Civic Engagement and Patriotism", Social Science Quarterly, 92(4), pp.1044~1056 (2011)
- Rokeach, M., "The Open and the Closed Mind", pp.132~168 (1960), Basic Books
- Schildkraut, D. J., "The More Things Change: The More They Stay the Same:American Identity and Mass and Elite Responses to 9", 11, 2002, pp.23(3), 511~535
- Spry, C, "The Influence of Blind and Constructive Patriotism on Attitudes toward Multiculturalism and Immigration", Australian Journal of Psychology, 59(3), pp.151~158 (2007)
- Taifel, H., "Psychology of Intergroup Relations", pp.7~24 (1986), Nelson-Hall
- Ueffing, P., "Differences in Attitudes towards Immigration between Australia and Germany: The Role of Immigration Policy", Comparative Population Studies, 40(4), pp.437~464 (2015)
- Wang, X., "Undocumented Immigrants as Perceived Criminal Threat: A Test of Minority Threat Perspective", Criminology, 50, pp.743~776 (2012)
- Wright, M., "Diversity and the Imagined Community: Immigrant Diversity and Conceptions of National Identity", Political Psychology, 32(5), pp.837~862 (2011)
- Wrighrt. M., "Alternative Measures of American National Identity:Implications for the Civic-Ethnic Distinction", Political Psycholgy, 33(4), pp.469~482 (2012)
