세계경제위기와 유럽의 자본주의 담론 : 프랑스와 독일을 중심으로 (2008-2012)
The Global Economic Crisis and Debates on Capitalism in France and Germany, 2008-2012
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이 연구에서는 유럽의 통합 자본주의에서 핵심적 역할을 담당하고 있는 프랑스와 독일을 중심으로 위기 이후 자본주의에 대한 담론을 분석한다. 시기는 세계경제위기의 출발점으로 보는 2008년부터 프랑스 대선에서 정권 교체가 일어나는 2012년까지를 대상으로 한다. 우선 자본주의에 대한 학계의 분석과 논쟁을 통해 1970년대 시작한 신자유주의적 세계질서의 변화 가능성이 제기되는 양식을 살펴본다. 특히 세계화의 지속 가능성에 대한 성찰이 다양하게 제기됨을 알 수 있다. 다음은 정책 이념을 둘러싼 정치 세력이나 언론 등의 토의를 통해 유럽 차원의 연방주의적 접근법이 대두되는 것을 볼 수 있다. 유로화의 위기가 유럽 통합의 강화로 연결되는 부분은 통합의 동학을 이해하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다. 마지막으로는 양국 리더(대통령, 수상 및 주요 장관)의 연설이나 정부 정책 보고서 등을 토대로 정책적 이념이 신자유주의 개혁론에서 유럽 사회 모델의 보호로 회귀함을 분석한다. 그만큼 위기가 혁신을 촉진하기보다는 기존 모델로 움츠리는 현상을 초래했다는 의미이다.
Abstract
This article analyses the discourses on capitalism in France and Germany, two main economies in the context of European Union. The period covers from the beginning of the global economic crisis in 2008 to the French presidential election of 2012 with the defeat of the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy. At first, studies in the academic field have underlined the possibility of a new order after decades of neo-liberalism since the 1970s. The crisis of global capitalism has been analyzed from diverse perspectives of post-fordism, civilizational shift, as well as capitalist confrontations. Secondly, a federalist approach in dealing with the euro crisis has emerged in the policy circles of these two countries as well as on the European scene. This common franco-german approach is remarkable since they had to face strong critics of European integration in domestic politics. Thirdly, the leaders of France and Germany have been characterized by a sudden return from a neo-liberal reformist discourses to a protectionist discourse based upon the European social model. They both have underlined the dangers of 'unbridled capitalism' developed by America.
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