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하이브리드 안보위협에 대한 EU의 대응정책

Hybrid Threats and the Prospects of European Security

온대원
EU연구소 (Institute for European Union Studies)|2021.08|EU연구 (Journal of European Union Studies)|제59호|pp. 245-284|DOI 10.18109/jeus.2021..59.245

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참고문헌

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유럽연합(EU)European UnionNATO나토(NATO)Hybrid Threats공동안보방위정책(CSDP)Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP)이브리드 위협유럽-러시아 관계Europe-Russia Relations
주제분류지역학

초록

지난 몇 년간 ‘하이브리드 위협(Hybrid Threats)’은 유럽에서 가장 시급하고 중대한 안보문제로 부상하였다. 2014년 초 러시아에 의한 크림반도 점령과 친러시아 반군에 의한 우크라이나 동부지역에서의 내전 발생이후 러시아는 국경에 인접한 주변국 및 전체 유럽국들을 상대로 기존의전쟁이론으로 설명하기 힘든 군사적, 비군사적 작전을 결합한 새로운 방식의 적대적 공격행위를 감행했다. 나토와 EU는 이들 공세를 ‘하이브리드전’, 또는 ‘하이브리드 위협’으로 명명했다. 러시아의 공세는 작전방식과 내용, 그리고 규모의 측면에서 유럽국가들이 쉽게 감당하기 어려운 심각한 위협을 제기했고, 그에 대한 이들의 상호협력과 정책적 대응은 유럽의 안보지형에 커다란 변화를 가져왔다. 본 연구는 유럽에 대한 러시아의하이브리드 공격은 2010년대 초중반 중동부 및 남동유럽에서 전개된 러시아와 서방 세력 간 지정학적 경쟁의 맥락에서 파악되어야 하며, 러시아는 이를 통하여 나토와 EU를 약화시키고 자국에 유리한 방향으로 역내질서를 재편하려 했다고 주장한다. 그러나 이로 인해 심화된 유럽의 안보불안과 위기의식은 역설적으로 나토-EU 간 협력 강화를 초래했고, EU가유럽안보의 더욱 중심적인 행위자로 등장토록 했으며, 바이든 행정부 하미국-유럽 간 안보관계를 재건하는데 중요한 계기를 제공했던 것으로 평가된다.

Abstract

In the past several years, ‘hybrid threats’ have emerged as one of Europe’s most pressing and critical security issues. After the occupation of Crimea by Russia and the civil war in eastern Ukraine by pro-Russian rebels in early 2014, Russia employed highly hostile campaigns against the whole European continent in addition to the Eastern Partnership countries, combining military and non-military operations. These operations contained characteristic features that cannot be properly explained by conventional war theory. NATO and the EU dubbed these offensives “hybrid warfare” or “hybrid threats” on which they carried out extensive research aimed at exploring various aspects of this new type of warfare. Russia’s campaigns posed a serious threat that individual European countries could not effectively handle. They therefore tried to deal with the formidable security challenge by strengthening their collective security capability via NATO and the EU. It brought about a major change in Europe's security landscape. In this study, Russia’s hybrid attack on Europe should be understood in the context of the newly evolving geopolitical competition between Russia and Western powers in the aftermath of the global financial crisis and the Euro-zone crisis in the previous years. It appears that Russia tried to maximize the domains of its power and influence in the wider Europe by employing a hybrid war strategy against the Western powers. However, the heightened sense of crisis and security instability in Europe caused by Russia’s hybrid campaigns paradoxically created an important opportunity for the EU to emerge as a central actor in European security while strengthening its ever closer ties with NATO and the USA under the Biden Administration.

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