본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

기업 이사회의 여성이사 비율 확대를 위한 제언

Achieving Gender Balance on Corporate Boards

Eunice K. Kim
법학연구소 (The Institute of Legal Studies Konkuk University)|2017.06|법학논집|제21권 제4호|pp. 91-117

0

조회

0

다운로드

1

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

기업지배구조Corporate GovernanceGender Quota이사회 다양성Board DiversityImplicit Bias무의식적 편견2차젠더편향행동수정프로그램성비할당제Second Generation Gender BiasBehavior Modification Program

초록

우리나라 상장회사 기업이사회의 여성이사 비중은 다년간 OECD나 G20 회원국 중 가장 낮다. 본 논문은 지난 30년간 미국에서 간접차별 법리의 미흡함에 대한 대안으로 활발하게 논의되어온 무의식적인 편견 (unconscious bias, 또는 implicit bias)의 개념을 여성이사의 비중을 늘리는 새로운 해법으로 제시한다. 무의식적인 편견 개념은 모든 사람들에게 사회적 약자에 대한 편견이 무의식에 잠재해 있으며 편견이나 고정관념으로부터 자유롭다고 공언 하는 사람들조차도 무의식적으로 또는 즉흥적으로 행동하는 경우에는 무의식적인 편견과 일관된 행동이나 결정을 내린다고 주장한다. 2차젠더편향 (second generation gender bias)은 무의식적인 편견 개념을 젠더에 적용하여 인적 넷트워크 형성 및 교류패턴, 오랜 관행 및 전통으로 인하여 여성이 은연중에 특정 영역 또는 기회에서 배제되는 것을 의미하는 개념이다. 2차젠더편향은 고용차별 이외에도 불평등이 존재하는 여러 상황에 유연하게 적용될 수 있으며 무의식적인 편견을 약화시키거나 제거하는 것을 목적으로 하는 방안을 해법으로 제시해줄 수 있다. 특히 기업과의 관계가 고용관계가 아닌 위임관계에 있으며 기업 지배구조 관행 상 이사 후보 풀의 구축 과정이 불투명하고 후보 선발 시 평가 기준이 탄력적이며 주관적인 판단이 크게 반영되는 이사들에게는 2차젠더편향의 영향력으로 인하여 여성이 배제될 가능성이 높기 때문에 2차젠더편향을 약화시키고 궁극적으로 제거하는 방안으로 행동수정프로그램과 성비할당제 (gender quota)를 동시에 시행하는 것을 제안한다.

Abstract

For as long as we can remember, the percentage of female corporate directors at Korean listed corporations has been the lowest along all OECD member countries and the G20 nations. This Article proposes that the theory of unconscious (or implicit) bias, which was developed over the past 30 years in response to what some American legal scholars viewed as deficiencies in disparate impact approach to discrimination, be used to address the challenge of achieving gender balance on corporate board. The theory of unconscious bias posits the pervasiveness of unconscious bias against stigmatized groups such as racial minorities, women, disabled, and sexual minorities. Even individuals who avow that they are free of discriminatory biases against minority groups, are likely to behave in a manner that evidences their unconscious bias. Theory of unconscious bias as applied to gender relations in the context of social practices and patterns of interaction, formation of human networks that have the effect of excluding women from opportunities are referred to as second generation gender bias. Glass-ceiling, sexual harassment are common examples of second generation gender bias. Second generation gender bias is a useful tool for analyzing exclusion of women in various situations, enabling formuation of corrective and prevention measures above and beyond legal remedies. In recognition of the likelihood that women are excluded from corporate directorships as a result of second generation gender bias, this paper proposes recommends 2 measures to be undertaken concurrently in order to weaken and ultimately eliminate the impact of second generation gender bias: first a behavior modification program grounded in education and training, designed to raise awareness of implicit bias; secondly, imposition of mandatory gender quota to be implemented in several stages.

참고문헌 (75)

  1. 김도균, "공정으로서의 정의관에서 본 남녀평등 ―‘잠정적 우대조치’ 개념의 분석―", 법철학연구, 5(2), pp.233~260 (2002), 한국법철학회
  2. 김선욱, "잠정적 우대조치로서의 할당제", 법학논집, 1, pp.215~241 (1996), 법학연구소
  3. 김선욱, "유엔여성차별절폐협약과 한국여성입법정책", 법학논집, 4(4), pp.139~162 (2000), 법학연구소
  4. 한국의 적극적 평등실현조치(Affirmative Action)에 관한 연구, "문미경", 한국여성정책연구원, ~, pp.연구보고서-22 (2013)
  5. 석인선, "헌법상 여성관련조항의 개정방향에 관한 소고", 헌법학연구, 12(4) (2006), 한국헌법학회
  6. 장명선, "성평등 실현을 위한 적극적 조치에 관한 연구", 박사, 법학, pp.2007
  7. 장민선, "입법의 성평등성 제고를 위한 성별영향분석평가의 활용", 법학논집, 17(2), pp.215~240 (2012), 법학연구소
  8. "행동주의 펀드의 돈버는 법 "여성 임원 늘려라" (2017)[URL]
  9. "금융회사 사외이사 구인난, 헤드헌팅회사 평판조회 수요 급증" (2017)[URL]
  10. "교수보다 경쟁사 CEO...달라진 은행권 사외이사지형도: KB금융지주, 우리은행 사외이사 구성 교수 줄고 금융권 CEO 늘어" (2017)[URL]
  11. "다국적 제약사 거세지는 여풍" (2016)[URL]
  12. "직장 내 '여성차별' 심각, 결혼하면 나가라?" (2016)[URL]
  13. "“성 주류화, 여성들이여 버텨라” 당신이 일을 포기한다면 2명의 여성 일꾼 잃어" (2017)[URL]
  14. "여성임원? 당분간 꿈도 꾸지마 국내전문경영인, 임원직, ‘금녀의 벽’높다", 동아일보, ~ (1999)
  15. "그대이름은 여자 좁아진 여성일터", 경향신문, ~ (1999)
  16. Aguilar, Luis A., "Board Diversity: Why It Matters and How toI mprove It Speech by SEC Commissioner:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission", Agenda Luncheon Program, ~ (2010)
  17. Alstott, Anne, "GENDER QUOTAS FOR CORPORATE BOARDS: OPTIONS FOR LEGAL DESIGN IN THE UNITED STATES", Faculty Scholarship Series, ~ (2014)
  18. Women on Boards of Directors: A Global Snapshot University of Pittsburgh School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper Series, "Branson, Douglas", ~, pp.Working Paper No. 2011-05 (2011)
  19. Campbell, Kevin, "Transforming Governance: New Values, New Systems in the New Business Environment" (2015)
  20. Carter, "Sherrie Bourg The Invisible Barrier: Second Generation Gender Discrimination:The New Face of Gender Bias and How We Can Stop It", Psychology Today, ~ (2011)
  21. 조은, "Gender Inequality and Patriarchal Order Reexamined", Korea Journal, 44(1), pp.22~41 (2004), 유네스코한국위원회
  22. Choudhury, Barnali, "New Rationales for Women on Boards", Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 34(3) (2014)
  23. Coles, Jeffrey L. Coles, "Director Overlap: Groupthink versus Teamwork", ~ (2015)
  24. Credit Suisse Research Institute, "Gender Diversity and Corporate Performance", ~ (2012)
  25. Credit Suisse Research Institute, "The CS Gender 3000: Women in Senior Management", ~ (2014)
  26. Crosby, Faye J., "Understanding Affirmative Action", Annu.Rev. Psychol (2006)
  27. The Economist, "The best and worst places to be a working woman:The Economist’s glass-ceiling index measures gender equality in the labour market", The Economist The Data Team, ~ (2017)
  28. The Economist, "The glass-ceiling index:Where it's best to be a working woman in the rich world", The Economist, ~ (2013)
  29. The Economist, "The glass-ceiling index:The best—and worst—places to be a working woman", The Economist, ~ (2014)
  30. The Economist, "The Data Team, The best—and - worst—places to be a working woman", The Economist, ~ (2016)
  31. The Economist, "The best and worst places to be a working woman:The Economist’s glass-ceiling index measures gender equality in the labour market", The Economist Data Team, ~ (2017)
  32. The Economist, "The glass-ceiling index:Where is the best place in the world to be a working woman?", The Economist, ~ (2015)
  33. Doldor, Dr. Elena, "Gender Diversity on Boards: The Appointment Process and the Role of Executive Search Firms", Equality and Human Rights Commission Research Report Series, ~ (2012)
  34. Ely, Robin J., "Taking Gender Into Account: Theory and Design for Women's Leadership Development Programs", Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10(3) (2011), TEACHING LEADERSHIP
  35. European Commissio’s Network to Promote Women in Decision-making in Politics and Economy, , The Quota-Instrument: Different Approaches across Europe, ~ (2011)
  36. Ferreira, Daniel, "Board diversity" (2010), John Wiley & Sons
  37. Grover, Vijay Kumar, "Second generation gender bias: Invisible barriers holding women back in organizations", International Journal of Applied Research, 1(4) (2015)
  38. Groysberg, Boris, "Dysfunction in the Boardroom", Harvard Business Review (2013)
  39. Gul, Ferdinand A., "Board Diversity and the Demand for Higher Audit Effort", SSRN Electronic Journal (2008)
  40. Guy, Sandra, "Second Generation Bias – subtle but powerful presence", Consulting Specifyng Engineer, ~ (2014)
  41. Hong, Lu, "Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers", PNAS, 101(46) (2004)
  42. Ibarra, Herminia, "Educate Everyone About Second-Generation Gender Bias", Harvard Business Review (2013)
  43. Ibarra, Herminia, "Women Rising: The Unseen Barriers", Harvard Business Review (2013)
  44. Jolls, Christine, "The Law of Implicit Bias", California Law Review, 94(4) (2006)
  45. Jung, Jin Hwa, "Affirmative Action in Korea: Its Impact on Women’s Employment, Corporate Performance and Economic Growth", Draft presented at the 2012 AEA meeting in Chicago (2012)
  46. Kwon, Michelle, "South Korea’s Woeful Workplace Inequality: Despite their contribution to the country’s economic miracle, South Korean women face rampant discrimination", The Diplomat, ~ (2014)
  47. Lai, Karen M.Y., "Board Gender Diversity, Auditor Fees and Auditor Choice", Contemporary Accounting Research, ~ (2017)
  48. Liswood, Laura, "Women Directors Change How Boards Work", Harvard Business Review (2015)
  49. Lord Davies, "Women on Boards", ~ (2011)
  50. Lu, Hong, "Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers", PNAS, 101(46) (2004)
  51. Matsa, David A., "A Female Style in Corporate Leadership?:Evidence from Quotas", American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 5(3) (2013)
  52. McKinsey & Co., "Women Matter 2010, Women at the top of corporations: Making it happen", ~ (2010)
  53. McKinsey & Company, "Special Report produced exclusively for The Wall Street Journal Executive Task Force for Women In The Economy 2011", Unlocking the full potential of women in the U.S. economy, ~ (2011)
  54. McKinsey & Company, "Women Matter: An Asian Perspective Harnessing female talent to raise corporate performance", ~ (2012)
  55. McKinsey & Company, "Gender Diversity in Top Management, Moving Corporate Culture, Moving Boundaries", ~ (2013)
  56. McKinsey Global Institute, "Beyond Korean style: Shaping a new growth Formula", ~ (2013)
  57. Gender Quotas and Female Leadership: A Review, "Pande, Rohini", World Development Report on Gender, ~ (2011)
  58. Press Notice, "Executive Search Firms Launch Voluntary Code of Conduct in response to the Davies Review of Women on Boards", ~ (2011)
  59. Mercat-Bruns,Marie, "Discrimination at Work: Comparing European, French, and American Law" (2016), University of California Press
  60. Merchant, Nilofer, "Quotas for Women on Boards are Wrong", Harvard Business Review (2011)
  61. Forced Board Changes: Evidence from Norway, "Nygaard, Knut", Norwegian School of Ecnomics and Business Administration, ~ (2010)
  62. Post, Corinne, "Green Governance: Boards of Directors’ Composition and Environmental Corporate Social Responsibility", Business & Society, 50(1) (2011)
  63. "Second Generation Gender Bias" (2015)[URL]
  64. Russell Reynolds Associates, "Different is Better - Why Diversity Matters in the Boardroom", ~ (2009)
  65. Smallman, Tamara S., "The Glass Boardroom: The SEC's Role In Cracking the Door Open so Women may enter", Colum. Bus. L. Rev (2013)
  66. Do Female Directors increase Board Independence? Evidence from Norwegian board rooms after adoption of the, "Staubo, Siv", gender-mix-law, ~ (2010)
  67. Sturm, Susan, "Second Generation Employment Discrimination:A Structural Approach", Columbia Law Review, 101(3) (2001)
  68. Terjesen, Siri, "Legislating a Woman’s Seat on the Board:Institutional Factors:Driving Gender Quotas for Boards of Directors", J Bus Ethics (2015)
  69. Terjesen, Siri A., "Val Female presence on corporate boards: a multi-country study of environmental context", Journal of Business Ethics, 83(1) (2008)
  70. Torchia, Mariateresa, "Women Directors on Corporate Boards:From Tokenism to Critical Mass", Journal of Business Ethics, 102(2) (2011)
  71. Trautman, Lawrence J., "Corporate Boardroom Diversity: Why are we still talking about this?", Scholar, 17 (2015)
  72. Tuggle, Christopher S., "Attention Patterns in the Boardroom: How Board Composition and Proesses Affect Discussion of Entrepreneurial Issues", The Academy of Management Journal, 53(3) (2010)
  73. Tuten, Tracy L., "Korea's search for gender equality and women's career growth", American Society for Competitiveness, 12(1) (2004)
  74. Villiers, C, "Achieving gender balance in the boardroom: is it time for legislative action in the UK?", Legal Studies, 30 (2010)
  75. Warren, Anika, "Cascading Gender biases, compounding effects:An Assessment of Talent Management Systems", Catalyst, ~ (2009)

관련 논문AI추천

여성이사 할당제 도입필요성에 관한 소고문상일한국경제법학회 · 경제법연구2013 · 제12권 제1호유럽연합 정책이 프랑스 기업 이사회의 여성임원 비중 확대에 미친 영향이지용EU연구소 · EU연구2015 · 제39호여성 이사가 조직 위계 수준별 여성 고용에 미치는 영향: 인적자본기업패널 기업을 대상으로박철형, 조영곤한국여성정책연구원 · 여성연구2022 · 제115권 제4호여성이사 할당제에 대한 비교법적 연구 - 강행규정과 자율규제를 중심으로 -송지민한국상사판례학회 · 상사판례연구2022 · 제35권 제2호이사회의 다양성 확보와 여성이사 할당제 - 공적 규율과 사적 노력의 조화를 중심으로 -장우영한국상사법학회 · 상사법연구2024 · 제43권 제2호상장회사의 다양성 경영을 위한 여성임원 확대정책의 법적 검토 - 자본시장법적 관점에서 -안수현, 한지환법학연구소 · 법학논집2024 · 제28권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (11건)

취약계층 권리보호에 관한 고려요소와 지향점- 통합 지식관리시스템 구축을 중심으로 -최승원, 배유진pp. 1-16법원의 프로보노(Pro Bono) 활동 지원 방안 - 사법접근(Access To Justice) 지원을 위한 플랫폼 구축을 중심으로 -김상철pp. 17-65의료소송상 환자보호를 위한 방안의 검토 - 입증부담의 경감방안 및 적극적 위자료 인정의 필요성을 중심으로 -한태일pp. 67-90드론의 프라이버시권 침해에 대한 헌법적 검토류성진pp. 119-146성폭력범죄 처벌규정의 체계적 정비방안이강민pp. 147-177
원문 보기