전지구화 시대에 적합한 책임 논의 모색 -토마스 포기와 아이리스 영의 논의를 넘어서-
Searching for a Theory of Responsibility in a Global Era -Beyond Thomas Pogge and Iris Young-
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전지구화 현상으로 인해 절대 빈곤, 기후 변화 등의 윤리적 문제들은 더욱 심각해지고 미래 세대에까지 지속되고 있어 시급한 윤리적 대응이 요구된다. 이러한 윤리적 대응 논의 중 하나는, 전통적으로 실천성(feasibility)이 높은 논의로 간주되는 책임 논의이다. 그런데, 전지구화 현상이 갖는 복잡성으로 인해 그러한 문제를 야기한 행위주체를 규명하는 것이 어렵다. 이러한 현실은 인과성을 통해 책임을 규명하고 할당하는 전통적인 책임 논의가 전지구화 시대에 적합하지 않다는 것을 보여준다. 본 논문의 목적은 전지구화 시대에 정당성을 확보할 뿐만 아니라 실천성 또한 확보할 수 있는 책임 논의를 제시하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 위해, 본 논문은 전지구화 시대에 적합한 논의를 제시하려는 대표적인 기존 논의인 포기(Thomas Pogge)와 영(Iris Young)의 논의를 비판적으로 검토하고, 이들의 한계를 보완하는 논의를 모색하고자 한다. 본 논문은 다른 맥락에서 제시된 플로리디(Luciano Floridi)의 분산된 도덕책임을 전지구적 맥락에서 재해석한 책임 논의가 전지구화 시대에 적합한 책임 논의라고 주장한다. 왜냐하면, 분산된 도덕책임 논의는 도덕적으로 중립적인 개인의 행위가 복잡한 전지구적 맥락 속에서 비윤리적 결과를 산출하는 과정을 효과적으로 설명하고, 그러한 결과와 관련된 행위주체들의 관련성 정도에 따른 해명책임(accountability)을 도덕적 비난 없이 제시한다는 점에서 정당성과 실천성을 확보하기에 효과적이기 때문이다.
Abstract
In a global era, ethical issues such as extreme poverty and global warming become more serious and their influence tends to persist in future generations. Due to these reasons, ethical responses to these issues are urgently and practically required. One of ethical responses is suggested in the framework of responsibility, which is traditionally considered highly feasible. However, traditional theories of responsibility seem to be difficult to respond to these global issues. This is because they struggle to identify the causality of global issues in the complex context of globalization. The purpose of this paper is to search for a theory of responsibility, which is theoretically appropriate in a global era and feasible to respond to global urgent issues in practice. For this purpose, this paper critically examines the discussions of Thomas Pogge and Iris Young, which are representatively considered as global theories of responsibility. I argue that their theories of responsibility are meaningful in that they try to deal with the features of globalization such as complexity, but they do not take the features seriously because they do not explicate the nature of responsibility sufficiently and do not suggest a resonable criterion for the assignment of responsibility. I argue that if distributed moral responsibility, which Luciano Floridi suggests for the ethics of information, is re-interpreted in the context of globalization, it could be an appropriate theory of responsibility in a global era. This is because distributed moral responsibility is effective to explain the sources of responsibility in the complex context of globalization and to assign reasonability proportionally according to their degree of relevance.
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