본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

호주의 2단계(two-step) 이민정책의 성과와 정책적 함의: 임시근로비자, 워킹 홀리데이 및 유학생 프로그램을 중심으로

The Performance of Australia’s Two-step Migration Policy and its Policy Implications: Focusing on the Temporary Work Visa, Working Holiday, and Overseas Student Programs

임동진
다문화평화연구소 (Multiculture & Peace Institute)|2023.04|다문화와 평화 (Multiculture & Peace)|제17권 제1호|pp. 138-183|DOI 10.22446/mnpisk.2023.17.1.007

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

유학생Australia호주Working Holiday워킹 홀리데이2단계 이민정책임시기술노동자Two-step Migration PolicyTemporary Skilled WorkersOverseas Students
주제분류학제간연구

초록

2단계(two-step) 이민정책이란 임시적인 이민상태에서 영구적인 이민상태로 전환하는 것을 의미한다. 본 연구의 목적은 호주의 2단계(two-step) 이민정책의 대상인 임시이민자(임시근로비자, 워킹 홀리데이, 유학생) 프로그램의 주요내용, 운영실태 및 정책성과를 분석하고 이에 따른 우리나라에의 정책적 시사점을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 3개의 임시이민자 프로그램의 주요내용, 운영관리, 정책성과를 각각 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 먼저, 임시근로비자(457비자)는 기업의 만성적인 노동력 부족의 문제를 해결하기 위해 기업이 원하는 임시기술노동자를 무제한 유입시키기 위한 이민프로그램으로 1996년에 도입되었다. 2008년 이후 연평균 약 10만건의 비자가 발급되었고, 호주의 경제 전반, 노동력 공급, 재정 증대 등에 상당한 긍정적인 효과를 미치고 있다. 다음으로 워킹 홀리데이(Working Holiday) 프로그램은 호주와 상호 협정이 체결된 국가의 청년들이(18∼30세) 초기 12개월 동안 호주에서 단기적인 일과 학업을 수행하고 동시에 휴가를 보낼 수 있도록 하는 프로그램으로 1975년부터 시작하였다. 2009년 이후 연평균 22만건의 비자가 발급되고 있고, 중소도시 및 낙후지역에서의 단기간 건설업, 농업, 광업 등에 부족한 인력으로 활용되고 있다. 셋째, 유학생 프로그램의 경우 유학생에 대한 등록금 전액 납부 학생(full fee-paying students) 제도를 도입하면서 1988년부터 유학생을 영주 기술이민자로 유치하기 위한 이민정책의 일환으로 시작되었다. 2016년 이후 연평균 30만건 이상의 비자가 발급되고 있고, 호주 경제에 미치는 효과는 약 374억 호주달러로 추산되며 유학생의 약 16%가 영주권 비자를 발급받는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 호주에서 임시이민자로 왔다가 영주권을 취득하는 비율은 2004년에 35%에서 2019년에 70%까지 확대하는 등 호주가 2단계 이민정책을 적극적으로 추진하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 위의 연구 결과를 토대로 우리나라 이민정책을 위한 정책적 시사점 7개를 제시하였다.

Abstract

Two-step immigration policy means switching from a temporary immigration state to a permanent immigration state. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main contents, operation status, and policy performance of temporary immigrants (temporary Work Visa, Working Holiday, overseas students) programs subject to Australia’s two-step immigration policy and to present policy implications for South Korea. To this end, the main contents, operation management, and policy performance of the three temporary immigrant programs were analyzed, respectively. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the temporary work visa (457 visa) was introduced in 1996 as an immigration program to unlimitedly attract temporary technical workers that companies want to solve the problem of chronic labor shortages. Since 2008, about 100,000 visas have been issued annually, and it has a significant positive effect on Australia’s overall economy, labor supply, and fiscal expansion. Next, the Working Holiday program began in 1975 as a program that allows young people in countries with mutual agreements with Australia to perform short-term work and studies in Australia for the first 12 months of their lives (18–30 years old). Since 2009, 220,000 visas have been issued annually, and it is used as a manpower insufficient for short-term construction, agriculture, and mining in small and medium-sized cities and underdeveloped areas. Third, in the case of overseas student programs, the full fee-paying students system was introduced for international students, and it began in 1988 as part of an immigration policy to attract international students as permanent skilled immigrants. Since 2016, more than 300,000 visas have been issued annually, and the effect on the Australian economy is estimated to be about $37.4 billion, with about 16% of international students receiving permanent residency visas. Finally, it was found that Australia is actively pursuing a two-step immigration policy, with the rate of obtaining permanent residency from Australia expanding from 35% in 2004 to 70% in 2019. Based on the above research results, seven policy implications for Korea’s immigration policy were presented.

참고문헌 (109)

  1. 고상두, "이민자 사회통합정책의 해외연구 동향 및 시사점", 한국이민정책학보, 5(2), pp.71~86 (2022), 한국이민정책학회[DOI]
  2. 권경득, "호주 이민정책(프로그램)의 실태분석 및 정책적 함의: 이민자, 난민 및 불법체류자 관리를 중심으로", 한국비교정부학보, 23(2), pp.35~65 (2019), 한국비교정부학회[DOI]
  3. 김윤권, "제도변화의 통합적 접근: 역사적 신제도주의를 중심으로", 한국정책학회보, 14(1), pp.299~327 (2005), 한국정책학회
  4. 김현채, "포스트 코로나와 기술혁명 시대를 대비하는 이민정책 고찰", 한국이민정책학보, 4(2), pp.31~53 (2021), 한국이민정책학회[DOI]
  5. 김화연, "미국과 영국의 국적취득 제도 연구", 한국이민정책학보, 5(2), pp.27~50 (2022), 한국이민정책학회[DOI]
  6. 박미정, "다문화사회의 세계시민교육 방안 연구", 한국이민정책학보, 5(2), pp.87~105 (2022), 한국이민정책학회[DOI]
  7. 성연옥, "미국, 캐나다, 호주의 다문화주의 비교 연구", 기업경영리뷰, 4(2), pp.23~44 (2013), KNU 기업경영연구소
  8. 신재주, "일본, 독일, 호주의 다문화정책에 관한 비교연구 - 다문화정책의 특성과 한국에의 시사점을 중심으로 -", 사회과학연구, 17(3), pp.5~37 (2010), 사회과학연구원
  9. 이규영, "호주의 다문화주의정책과 이주민 참정권", 국제정치논총, 50(1), pp.445~468 (2010), 한국국제정치학회
  10. 임동진, "호주 이민정책의 변동과정 및 정책지향 분석: 단속평형이론을 중심으로", 한국비교정부학보, 22(1), pp.57~87 (2018), 한국비교정부학회[DOI]
  11. 임동진, "저출산 고령화시대 미국, 캐나다, 호주의 이민정책 비교 연구: 이민인구와 최근 경향을 중심으로", 한국비교정부학보, 24(2), pp.69~99 (2020), 한국비교정부학회[DOI]
  12. 임동진, "지방소멸, 이민정책으로 해결할 수 있는가? -호주 지방정부의 SSRM 이민프로그램을 중심으로-", 한국지방자치학회보, 34(1), pp.87~118 (2022), 한국지방자치학회[DOI]
  13. 임무송, "외국인근로자 불법취업 실태와 대응방향 : 논산시 관내 실태조사 결과를 중심으로", 한국이민정책학보, 4(1), pp.79~103 (2021), 한국이민정책학회[DOI]
  14. Adams, T., "The Development of International Education in Australia: A Framework for the Future", Journal of Studies in International Education, 11(3, pp.4) (2007), 410~420
  15. Altbach, P., "The NEA 2006 Almanac of Higher Education", pp.290~305 (2006), National Education Association
  16. Arkoudis, S., "Crossing the Interaction Divide between International and Domestic Students", HERDSA Review of Higher Education, 1, pp.47~62 (2014)
  17. Australian Bureau of Statistics, "Australian Social Trends – International Students" (2011), Australian Bureau of Statistics
  18. "2016 International Student Survey" (2017)[URL]
  19. Robust New Foundations:A Streramed, Transparent and Reponsive System for the 457 Programme-An Independent Review into Integrity in the Subclass 457 Programme, "Azarias, J.", Parliament of House, ~ (2014)
  20. Baik, C., "The International Student Experience In Australia Higher Education : Ongoing Challenges and Emerging Issues", Higher Education Forum, 15, pp.91~103 (2018)
  21. Birrell, B., "The February 2010 Reforms and the International Student Industry", People and Place, 18(1), pp.65~80 (2010)
  22. Birrell, B., "he 1999–2000 Immigration Program", People and Place, 7(2), pp.48~59 (1999)
  23. Birrell, B., "Immigration on the Rise: The 2001–2002 Immigration Program", People and Place, 9(2), pp.21~28 (2001)
  24. Birrell, B., "Immigration Policy and the Australian Labour Market", Economic Papers, 22(1), pp.36~45 (2003)
  25. Birrell, B., "How Are Skilled Migrants Doing", People and Place, 16(1), pp.1~19 (2008)
  26. Birrell, B., "Evaluation of the General Skilled migration Categories" (2006), Commonwealth of Australia
  27. Birrell, B., "Cooks Galore and Hairdressers Aplenty", People and Place, 15(1), pp.30~44 (2007)
  28. Birrell, B., "Immigration Overflow: Why It Matters" (2016), Australian Population Research Institute
  29. Blackmore, J., "Australian Internatinoal Graduates and the Transition to Employment" (2014), Deakin University
  30. Boucher, A., "Measuring Migrant Worker Rights Violations in Practice: The Example of Temporary Skilled Visas in Australia", Journal of Industrial Relations, 61(2), pp.277~301 (2018)
  31. Boucher, A., "The Evolution of the Australian System for Selecting Economic Immigrants" (2019), Migration Policy Institute
  32. Cai, Y., "The Use of Institutional Theory in Higher Education Research", Theory and Method in Higher Education Research, 1, pp.1~25 (2015)
  33. Chiou, B., "International Education, Student Migration and Government Policy:A Comparative Study of Australia and New Zealand", PhD, pp.2014
  34. Chiou, B., "Two-step Migration: A Comparison of Australia’s and New Zealand’s Policy Development between 1998 and 2010", Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 26(1), pp.84~107 (2017)
  35. Clemens, E. S., "Politics and Institutionalism : Explaining Durability and Change", Annual Review of Sociology, 25, pp.441~466 (1999)
  36. "The Learning Experience of International Students: the Positioning of Foundation Studies Programs" (1997)[URL]
  37. Collins, J., "The Politics of Australian Society – Political Issues for the New Century", pp.302~333 (2004), Pearson Education
  38. Committee for Economic Development of Australia, "Effects of Temporary Migration: Shaping Austrlia’s Society an d Economy" (2019), CEDA
  39. Crossman, E., "Two-Step Immigration Selection: A Review of Benefits and Potential Challenges. Economic Insights. Catalogue no. 11-646-X-2020009-No. 111", Statistics Canada, ~ (2020)
  40. Csizmadia, T., "Quality Management in Hungarian Higher Education : Organisational Responses to Governmental Policy", The International Journal of Higher Education and Educational Planning, 56(4), pp.439~455 (2008)
  41. Davies, S., "The Impact of Comparative Education Research on Institutional Theory", pp.121~136 (2006), Emerald Group Publishing Limited
  42. Department of Education, Skills and Employment, "Basis Pivot Table 2002 Onwards", ~ (2021)
  43. "Permanent Additions to Australia’s Resident Population" (2019)[URL]
  44. 2020-21 Migration Program Report, "Department of Home Affairs", Department of Home Affairs. Australian Government, ~ (2021)
  46. Student Visa Program Quarterly Report Quarter Ending at 30 June 2013, "Department of Immigration and Citizenship", DIAC, ~ (2013)
  47. Department of Immigration and Citizenship, "Strategic Review of the Student Visa Program 2011", (Knight Review), Canberra, Dec, ~ (2011)
  48. Department of Immigration and Citizenship, "Strategic Review of the Student Visa Program 2011", Knight Review, Canberra, Dec, ~ (2011)
  49. Commonwealth-Victoria Working Party on Migration – Final Report, "Department of Premier and Cabinet", State Government of Victoria, ~ (2004)
  50. Elson-Green, J., "Linking Immigration to Education Could Damage Industry", Campus Review, pp.4~ (2007)
  51. Ferguson, H., "Overseas Students in Australian Higher Education: A Guick Guide" (2021), Parliamentary Library
  52. Ferrer, A. M., "New Directions in Immigration Policy:Canada’s Evolving Approach to the Selection of Economic immigrants", International Migration Review, 48(3), pp.846~867 (2014)
  53. The Two-step Australian Immigration Policy and Its Impact on Immigrant Employment Outcomes, "Gregory, R", Institute for the Study of Labor, ~, pp.IZA discussion paper 8061 (2014)
  54. Gribble, C., "Policy Options for Managing International Student Migration: The Sending Country’s Perspective", Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 30(1), pp.25~39 (2008)
  55. Hall, G., "Australia’s Export of Education Services", Reserve Bank of Australia Bulletin, 7, pp.12~17 (2008)
  56. Hall, M. G., "Order in the Courts : a Neo-Institutional Approach to Judicial Consensus", Western Political Quarterly, 42(3), pp.391~407 (1989)
  57. Harman, G., "New Direction in Internaitonal Higher Education : Austrlia’s Development as a Exporter of Higher Education Services", Higher Education Policy, 17, pp.101~120 (2004)
  58. Hawthorne L, "‘Picking winners’ : The Recent Transformation of Australia’s Skilled Migration Policy", International Migration Review, 39(3), pp.663~696 (2005)
  59. Hawthorne, L., "The Growing Global Demand for Students as Skilled Migrants" (2008), Migration Policy Institute
  60. Hawthorne, L., "How Valuable Is ‘Two-Step Migration?’Labor Market Outcomes for International Student Migrants to Australia", Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 19(1), pp.5~36 (2010)
  61. Hawthorne, L., "Competing for Skills: Migration Policies and Trends in New Zealand and Australia" (2011), Department of Labour
  62. Hawthorne, L., "The Impact of Skilled Migration on Foreign Qualification Recognition Reform in Australia", Canadian Public Policy, 41, pp.S173~S187 (2015)
  63. Henriksen, H. Z., "Dawn of e-government : An Institutional Analysis of Seven Initiatives and Their Impact", Journal of Information Technology, 22(1), pp.13~23 (2007)
  64. Hodgson, G. M., "What Are Institutions?", Journal of Economic Issues, 40(1), pp.1~25 (2006)
  65. The Australia Experience: Perceptions of Australia’s Working Holiday Maker (WHM) Program, 2019-2020, "Hordacre, A-L.", Australian Industrial Transformation Institute, Flinders University, ~ (2021)
  66. Hou, F., "Selections Before the Selection: the Earnings Advantage of Host-country Work Experience Before Permanent Residence", International Migration Review, 52(3), pp.695~723 (2018)
  67. Hou, F., "Changing Immigrant Characteristics and Pre-landing Canadian Earnings : Their Effect on Entry Earnings over the 1990s and 2000s", Canadian Public Policy, 42(3), pp.308~232 (2016)
  68. Kendall, T., "Exporting Australian Educational Services to China", Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, 26(1), pp.23~33 (2004)
  69. Khoo, S-E., "Which Skilled Temporary Migrants Become Permanent Residents and Why?", The International Migration Review, 42(1), pp.193~226 (2008)
  70. Larcombe, W., "Prevalence and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Psychological Distress among Students at an Australian University", Studies in Higher Education, 41(6), pp.1074~1091 (2015)
  71. "Permanent and Temporary Migration: A Quick Guide to Key Internet Links" (2015)[URL]
  72. Lazenby, A., "Thirty Years in International Education and Development: The Story of IDP" (1999), IDP Education Australia
  73. March, J. G., "Rediscovering Institutions" (1989), Free Press
  74. Marcussen, M., "Ideas and Elites: The Social Construction of Economic and Monetary Union" (2000), Aalborg University Press
  75. Mares, P., "The Impact of Migration Law and Policy", pp.81~122 (2016), Australian National University Press
  76. "Calling Time on the 457 Migration Two-Step" (2017)[URL]
  77. Marginson, S., "International Student Security" (2010), CUP
  78. International Graduate Outcomes Survey-2018, "Matthews, D.", Australian Government Department of Education, ~ (2019)
  79. Megarrity, L, "Regional Goodwill, Sensibly Priced: Commonwealth Policies towards Colombo Plan Scholars and Private Overseas Students, 1945–72", Australian Historical Studies, 129, pp.88~105 (2007)
  80. Meredith, D., "Australia in the Global Economy: Continuity and Change" (1999), Cambridge University Press
  81. More Than Temporary: Australia’s 457 Visa Program, "Migration Council Australia", Migration Council Australia, ~ (2021)
  82. The Economic Impact of Migration, "Migration Council of Australia", ~ (2015)
  83. Miller, P. W., "Immigration Policy and Immigration Quality: The Australian Points System", Immigration Policy and Immigrant Quality, 89(2), pp.192~197 (1999)
  84. Oakman, D., "“Young Asians in Our Homes”: Colombo Plan Students and White Australia", Journal of Australian Studies, 26(72), pp.89~98 (2002)
  85. "Education at a Glance: OECD indicators 2013" (2013)[URL]
  86. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, "Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators 2013" (2013), OECD
  87. Papademetriou, D. G., "Competing Approaches to Selecting Economic Immigrants: Points-based vs. Demand-driven Systems" (2019), Migration Policy Institute
  88. Papademetriou, D. G., "Equipping Immigrant Selection Systems for a Changing World of Work" (2019), Migration Policy Institute
  89. Peters, B. G., "Institutional Theory: The “New Institutionalism” in Political Science" (1999), Cassells
  90. Austalia’s Working Holidays Maker Program: a Quick Guide, "Phillips, J.", Parliamentary Library: Parliament of Australia, ~ (2016)
  91. Phillips, J., "Migration to Australia: A Quick Guide to the Statistics" (2017), Parliamentary Library, Parliament of Australia
  93. Pop, O. M., "Institutional Types and Institutional Change in Healthcare Ecosystems", Journal of Service Management, 29, pp.593~614 (2018)
  94. Migrant Intake into Australia, "Productivity Commission", ~, pp.Inquiry Report No. 77 (2016)
  95. Pyvis, D., "Student Experiences of Offshore Higher Education: Issues for Quality", 2004 Australian Universities Quality Agency, ~ (2004)
  96. The Characteristics and Performance of 457 Migrant Visa Sponsoring Businesses, "Rafi, B.", Australian Government, ~ (2019)
  97. Rizvi, F., "Rethinking “brain drain” in the Era of Globalisation", Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 25(2), pp.175~192 (2005)
  98. Ruddock, P., "The Coalition Government’s Position on Immigration and Population policy", People and Place, 7(4), pp.6~12 (1999)
  99. Scott, W. R., "Encyclopedia of Social Theory", pp.408~414 (2005), Sage Publications
  100. Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs References Committee, "Effectiveness of the Current Temporary Skilled Visa System in Targeting Genuine Skills Shortages", ~ (2019)
  101. Shu, J., "Asian Student Migration to Australia", International Migration, 34(1), pp.65~95 (1996)
  102. Spinks, H., "The Temporary Work(Skilled) (subclass 457) visa: a Quick Guide" (2016), Parliamentary Library: Parliament of Australia
  103. Spinks, "Migration-Issues for Australia’s Migration Program. Parliamentary Library Briefing Book" (2018), Parliamentary Library
  104. Spinks, "Australia’s Permanent Migration Program: A Quick Guide" (2021), Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia
  105. Streeck, W., "Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies" (2005), Oxford University Press
  106. Sweetman, A., "Former Temporary Foreign Workers and International Students as Sources of Permanent Immigration", Canadian Public Policy, 40(4), pp.392~407 (2014)
  107. Tilbrook, C., "International Students: Perspectives and Graduate Outcomes", Australian International Education Conference (2007)
  108. Universities Australia, "Broader Implications from a Downturn in International Students" (2011), Deloitte Access Economics
  109. Wright, C. F., "Why Recruit Temporary Sponsored Skilled Migrants? A Human Capital Theory Analysis of Employer Motivations in Australia", Austrian Journal of Management, 46(1), pp.151~173 (2021)

관련 논문AI추천

호주 인구문제의 정치화와 이민정책 : 한시적-영주이민 연계와 ‘의도하지 않은’ 결과들문경희사단법인 한국민족연구원 · 민족연구2021 · 제78호호주 이민정책(프로그램)의 실태분석 및 정책적 함의: 이민자, 난민 및 불법체류자 관리를 중심으로권경득, 이광원, 이종익, 임동진한국비교정부학회 · 한국비교정부학보2019 · 제23권 제2호호주 이민제도의 변화 : 지역이민을 중심으로이용재사단법인 한국민족연구원 · 민족연구2025 · 제85호호주의 이주배경청소년에 대한 지원･체류정책 및 한국에의 시사점임동진한국이민정책학회 · 한국이민정책학보2024 · 제7권 제2호이민자들에 대한 사회통합사례: 호주를 중심으로이성훈, 이향수한국디지털정책학회 · 디지털융복합연구2018 · 제16권 제5호유학생 복지권에 관한 비교 연구: 영국, 호주, 그리고 한국을 중심으로곽윤경, 김경환다문화사회정책연구소 · 현대사회와 다문화2022 · 제12권 제3호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (7건)

건설업 내 이주노동자 계층화의 원인과 양상박미화pp. 1-22일본의 외국인 개호인재 수용 정책에 관한 연구김옥녀, 주찬희pp. 23-41철학적 토론을 통해 형성된 상호문화교육에 대한 유치원 교사의 이해서효원, 김순환pp. 42-61다문화교육을 위한 학부 교양강좌 개설의 근거와 요건 탐색박희진pp. 62-84당원 출신 북한이탈주민들의 주체사상 해체 연구: 자유인으로서의 정체성을 위한 제언이재관, 김서영pp. 85-107
원문 보기