일본 고대왕권과 빈례(賓禮) 고려 팔관회와의 의식비교를 중심으로

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the specificity of each rite based on the consideration of Joha rituals and banquets in Goryeo and Japan. In both countries, foreign agents such as foreign envoys and merchants were used as devices to strengthen internal governance, but the differences were confirmed. Unlike Japan, the Joha ceremony for foreign merchants was separately defined in the Palgwanhoe. This can be seen as an intention to hold the merchants who came to the tribute to be thoroughly outsiders, and it is also supported by the fact that they did not have a relationship with the king of Goryeo. In the case of Japan, the foreign envoys were distinguished from the latter, but unlike Goryeo, they participated in the Joha ceremony with the Japanese nobles, and a series of rituals were conducted with the emperor in mind. The characteristics of Goryeo and Japan banquets are summarized as follows: In the case of Palgwanhoe, the scope of the banquet is broad, ranging to officials of the 9th rank and military courtiers, and as downward direction type royal rituals (↓) and the two?way rituals of the servants are combined, practical mutual behavior was regarded as important. Above all, reaffirming the military order and centering on the king, and maximizing the bondage, could be said to be the central idea that penetrated Palgwanhoe. On the other hand, it can be said that the Japanese one-sided society is a vertical downward structure in which the hierarchy functions as a golden rule that penetrates the flow of consciousness and excludes the reciprocity between the king and the military. Goryeo changed the consciousness regulations such as the setting of the foreigner Joha ceremony linked to the national status and self-consciousness based on actual diplomatic relations. I think that the Joha ritual, a participant in a floating relationship with the dynamics of the external order, was sufficient as a constituent molecule in a considerable underworld, instead of establishing external factors such as merchants. On the other hand, the central axis penetrating Japanese ritual strongly implies the unity in the framework of the bureaucratic order, which is symbolized by the personal combination of the Emperor and the military. In particular, the external composition of ancient Japan, which was different from the flexible external environment of Goryeo, had to be fixed by Silla and Balhae, and Balhae and Silla became permanent tributary states. Therefore, through the symbolic hierarchical setting of the foreign envoys and the communication with the king through the letter of the Emperor (Imperial message), the emperor-centered excess ideology beyond reality would be expanded to the outside world.