자본주의의 다양성과 비교자본주의론의 전망
A Critical Review of the ‘Varieties of Capitalism’ and Comparative Political Economy
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초록
세계화 경향성 이후 자본주의 경제모델을 둘러싼 ‘수렴-다양성’ 논쟁이 다시 등장하면서, ‘자본주의 다양성’론이 현대자본주의와 비교정치경제를 대표하는 이론으로서 주목받고 있다. 자본주의 다양성론은 시장기제의 제도적·사회적 배태성, 제도들의 상호보완성을 근거로 자본주의 모델의 수렴은 신화에 불과하며 각국 경제체제의 다양성은 지속되리라는 입장을 취한다. 다양성론의 출발점인 홀과 소스키스(Hall and Soskice, 2001)는 서구 자본주의를 ‘자유시장경제’와 ‘조율된 시장경제’로 유형화하였는데, 이후 서구학계에서는 이를 둘러싼 이론적 논쟁과 지속적인 후속연구가 이루어졌다. 본 연구는 서구의 신제도주의, 비교정치경제론에서 전개된 자본주의 다양성론의 이론적 지형과 주요 내용을 개관하고, 자본주의 다양성론 자체가 지닌 분석적 취약성과 문제점을 비판적으로 검토하는데 주된 목적을 둔다. 자본주의 다양성론은 비교제도분석의 장점과 통찰력에도 불구하고, 자본주의 모델을 지나치게 포드주의적·생산레짐적 관점에서만 접근함으로써 세계화 이후 나타나는 금융주도적 축적체제, 금융화 경향성을 인식하지 못하는 한계를 지닌다.
Abstract
As the debates on ‘convergence-diversity’ of capitalist model have currently re-emerged in academic fields since 1990s, the ‘Varieties of Capitalism (VOC)’ approach have been paid attentions to as a new paradigm of comparative political economy. Based on the institutionalist theses, such as social embeddedness of market mechanism, institutional complementarities, and historical specificity of institutions, the VOC approach has rejected convergence of capitalist economies as a false myth and insisted on continuing diversity of capitalist economies in globalization and neo-liberal era. This study aims to examine theoretical frameworks of the VOC approach and subsequent debates on its typology of capitalism models since Hall and Soskice’s work (2001), and to evaluate its analytical weaknesses and problems critically. Although the VOC approach has had considerable strengths and insights in analyzing capitalism, it has failed to acknowledge the financialization tendency as a core factor of contemporary capitalism due to its limitation originated from production regime-centered perspective.
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