한국 사회적기업 유형의 재구성에 관한 연구 : 국가･시장･시민사회를 중심으로

Abstract

This study aims to propose a new typology to categorize social enterprises. Currently, social enterprises are mainly categorized into five types as defined by the Social Enterprise Development Act: social service-providing, job-providing, community contribution, mixed, and other. Over the 16 years that the law has been in effect, this type of classification has been institutionalized not only in administrative reports but also in academic research. However, when it comes to understanding social enterprises on the ground, the current typology is not a useful analytical tool. This is because the job-providing type accounts for more than 60% of all five types, while the other four types account for less than 10% in most cases. This is because the current typology is based only on the purpose or function required by the state. Therefore, a new typology is needed to better understand the social enterprises that are actually operating in our society. To do this, it is important to identify the social purpose and workings of all the spheres of society in which social enterprises are engaged: the state, the market, and civil society. Using perspectives such as the ‘reconstruction of publicness’ and the ‘dual movement’ of ‘self-regulating markets’ and ‘self-protection of society’, we have identified the social purpose of each sphere: ‘redistribution’, ‘profit-seeking’, and ‘solidarity’. The principles by which these social purposes overlap and operate in each area are summarized as ‘employment,’ ‘reciprocity,’ and ‘welfare. We then propose a new typology of social enterprises based on how they relate to the social purpose of social enterprises. Although there is still work to be done to prove the usefulness of the new typology through research on actual case analyses, it is expected that it can be used to analyze social enterprises in Korean society from a three-dimensional and relational perspective.