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나고르노 카라바흐 분쟁의 평화적 해결 실패: OSCE 민스크 그룹의 중재 노력과 그 한계를 중심으로

The Failure of the Nagorno-Karabakh Peace Process: OSCE Minsk Group’s International Mediation and its Limits

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초록

나고르노 카라바흐 분쟁은 아르메니아인이 거주하는 나고르노 카라바흐 영토를 두고 아제르바이잔, 아르메니아 간에 발생한 분쟁으로서 남카프카스 지역의 안전을 위협하는 가장 심각한 분쟁이다. 1992-94년에 1차 나고르노 카라바흐 전쟁이 발발한 이후 분쟁을 평화적으로 해결하기 위해 OSCE 민스크 그룹 차원의 국제적 중재 노력이 기울여졌다. 그러나 그동안 수많은 분쟁 해결안이 제시되었으나 평화협상은 타결되지 않았고, 결국 2020년 2차 나고르노 카라바흐 전쟁이 발발한 상태이다. 본 논문에서는 1994년 휴전 이후 나고르노 카라바흐 분쟁을 평화적으로 해결하기 위해 OSCE 민스크 그룹 차원의, 그리고 러시아의 단독적인 노력으로 다양한 중재안이 제시되었음에도 불구하고 왜 이러한 외교적 노력이 평화를 가져올 수 없었는지를 살펴본다. 또한 분쟁 당사국이 평화적 분쟁 해결 방안에서 군사적 해결 방안으로 전환하게 되는 동인을 밝히고자 한다. 본 논문에서는 아제르바이잔, 아르메니아 간의 힘의 균형이 2016년을 기점으로 변화하였다고 보고, 이러한 변화가 나고르노 카라바흐 분쟁 해결 과정에 가져온 영향을 분석한다.

Abstract

The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which seriously threatens the security of the South Caucasus region. The conflict originally occurred in the former Soviet Union and culminated at the first Nagorno Karabakh War in 1992-1994. The conflict became “frozen” after the signing of the truce treaty in 1994, but it eventually led to the second Nagorno Karabakh War in 2020. This paper examines the reasons why the conflict could not be resolved peacefully, despite international mediation efforts by OSCE Minsk Group, in particular by Russia. Assuming that a shift in the political and military balance of power between the conflicting parties took place after the 4-day war in April 2016, this paper analyzes what caused the shift and what its implications were. In conclusion, the study shows that the breakout of the second Nagorno Karabakh War in 2020 was unavoidable due to the fact that Azerbaijan sought to change the status quo through use of military measures.

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