유학의 하학전통과 남명의 하학론

Abstract

This paper is to study Nammyong Jo Shik(南冥 曺植, 1501~1572)'s arguments of Hahak(下學). Compared with other Confucian scholars including Toegye, Nammyong put emphasis on Hahak. Since he thought that Hahak contained the essence of Confucianism, he criticized other confucians who made light of Hahak. To understand Nammyong's arguments of Hahak, I first considered the position of Hahak in Confucianism. Hahak is both an important factor, which can differ Confucian from other thoughts such as Taoism or Buddhism, and an important tradition, which has come from Confucius. Many confucians thought that the essence of Confucianism was in Hahak and they didn't leave common world where is the subject of Hahak. They wanted to achieve the Sangdal(上達) in the Secular and to realize the Dao(道). Also they tried to realize the sacredness of the Sangdal in it. Considering that Buddhism and Taoism achieved the Sangdal, they are similar to Confucianism. But, since Buddhism and Taoism to denied Hahak, there are big differences between these thoughts (Buddhism and Taoism) and Confucianism. Hahak leads to the interest for the political community. Hahak is often a cause taking Confucians into in real politics. Hahak's worries about the secular leads to the awareness of worry of Confucianism. The person who understood the Hahak of Confucianism' tradition best was Nammyong Jo Shik. For Nammyong, Hahak was more than a simple procedure on his study and it would constitute the basis(基底) of his ideas. Nammyong thought the study leaving from the commmon world was less than a vanity rather than actual(實). It reflected the characteristics of statecraft of Confucianism which pursues the 'Inner age and outer king'(內聖外王). We need to understand the characteristics of Nammyong's idea like practices and statecrafts in the context of the 'Hahak tradition' of Confucianism. And, we also need to revalue Nammyong's arguments of Hahak not only as an academic stage but by the fact that they succeeded to the major traditions of Confucianism. Also, I stated that Hahak was consistently adopted to Nammyong' main ideas such as the idea of Kyong(敬)-Eui(義) and the viewpoint of working for state or living in sedusion(出處觀), and it was based on them.