본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

좌파 자유지상주의의 공산주의와 기본소득 이론에 대한 비판적 평가

Critical Evaluation of Left-Libertarian Theories of Communism and Basic Income: A Critique of their Pro-Capital and Anti-Labour Nature

김창근
사회과학연구원 (Research Institute of Social Science)|2020.08|마르크스주의 연구 (MARXISM 21)|제17권 제3호|pp. 71-105|DOI 10.26587/marx.17.3.202008.003

0

조회

0

다운로드

3

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

사회주의기본소득Socialism공산주의Communism자유지상주의Basic IncomeLeft-Libertarianism효율성임금고용지대Efficiency WageEmployment Rent
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

이 글은 좌파 자유지상주의자들인 판 파레이스와 판 더 벤의 “자본주의적인 공산주의 이행”과 관련된 논쟁을 비판적으로 검토하고, 판 파레이스의 소위 고용지대를 재원으로 하는 기본소득 이론을 비판한다. 먼저 이 논문은 위 논쟁을 검토하면서, 1) 자본주의가 사회주의를 거치지 않고 기본소득을 통해 공산주의로 이행할 수 있다는 주장은 타당하지 않고, 2) 자본가계급과 부유층이 비용을 상당히 부담하게 하는 기본소득은 자본도피와 투자파업 때문에 도입되기 힘들며, 3) 기본소득을 말리부의 서퍼들과 같은 자발적실업자에게 무조건적으로 지급하는 것은 윤리적으로 정당화될 수 없다는 것을 확인한다. 파레이스는 특히 윤리적인 비판에 직면하여, 효율성임금 이론을 무비판적으로 받아들이고 그것에 의지하여 시장청산 임금을 넘어서는 효율성임금이 고용지대라고 주장하면서, 주로 임금에 대한 과세에 기초한 무조건적인 기본소득을 경제학적으로 정당화하려 한다. 이 글에서는 1) 시장청산 수준을 넘는 효율성임금은 차별임금이 아니라 노동자들의 노력과 숙련에 대한 정당한 보답이기 때문에 ‘지대’가 아니며, 2) 그래서 임금에 대한 조세를 주요 재원으로 하는 파레이스의 기본소득은 윤리적으로도 경제학적으로도 정당화될 수 없고, 3) 차별임금이 아닌 임금격차에 대한 과세는 오히려 기본소득 도입과 유지를 불가능하게 만들 뿐이라는 것을 보이고자 한다. 마지막으로 이 논문은 파레이스의 기본소득 논의에서 나타나는 친·자본-반·노동적인 성격은 자본주의 내에서 충분한 수준의 기본소득 도입을 힘들게 만드는 구조적 제한들로부터 비롯된 것이라고 주장한다.

Abstract

This article critically reviews controversies surrounding Van Parijs and Van der Veen’s argument for a “capitalist road to communism” and criticizes Van Parijs’s proposal of introducing a basic income by taxing alleged employment rent. First, after reviewing the controversies it is confirmed that the argument that capitalism can transform into communism through a basic income without a transition to socialism is not valid. Second, a basic income that would pose a considerable cost for capitalist and wealthy classes, make it very difficult to be introduced in capitalism because of capital flight and investment strikes. Third, it cannot be ethically justified that an unconditional basic income should be granted to the voluntarily unemployed, such as surfers in Malibu. Faced with ethical criticisms in particular, Van Parijs attempts to economically justify an unconditional basic income mainly based on taxation of wages, uncritically accepting and relying on efficiency wage theory, and alleging that an efficiency wage over a market clearing wage is an employment rent. In this paper, it is asserted that efficiency wages over a market clearing level are not discrimination wages but may be just rewards for a worker’s effort and skill, and thus cannot be considered rent. Therefore, Van Parijs’s basic income based on primarily taxing wages cannot be justified economically or ethically. Rather, taxation of non-discrimination wages would only make the introduction and sustainability of basic income impossible. Lastly, the pro-capital and anti-labour nature of Van Parijs’s discussions of basic income is due to structural constraints that make introduction of a sufficient level of basic income difficult in capitalism.

참고문헌 (50)

  1. Abowd, J., "Persistent Inter-industry Wage Differences: Rent Sharing and Opportunity Costs", IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 1(7) (2012)
  2. Akerlof, G., "Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97(4) (1982)
  3. Akerlof, G., "Fairness and Unemployment", The American Economic Review, 78(2) (1988)
  4. Arneson, R, "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism", Ethics, 102(3) (1992)
  5. Berger, J., "The Capitalist Road to Communism: Groundwork and Practicability", Theory and Society, 15(5) (1986)
  6. Birnbaum, S., "Welfare to Work in Contemporary European Welfare States" (2020), Bristol University Press: Policy Press
  7. Bulow, J., "A Theory of Dual Labor Markets with Application to Industrial Policy, Discrimination and Keynesian Unemployment", Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3) (1986)
  8. Carens, J, "The Virtues of Socialism", Theory and Society, 15(5) (1986)
  9. Cohen, G. A, "Notes on the Universal Grant Proposal", Basic Income Studies, 1(1) (2006)
  10. Cowling, S., "The right to work versus the right to income", International Journal of Environment Workplace and Employment, 2(1) (2006)
  11. Dahms, H., "Capitalism Unbound? Peril and Promise of Basic Income", Basic Income Studies, 1(1) (2006)
  12. Dworkin, R., "What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources", Philosophy and Public Affairs, 10(2) (1981)
  13. Elster, J, "Comment on Van der Veen and Van Parijs", Theory and Society, 15(5) (1986)
  14. Unobserved Worker Quality and Inter-Industry Wage Differentials, "Ge, S.", Global Labor Organization(GLO), ~, pp.GLO Discussion Paper, No. 491 (2020)
  15. Does unmeasured ability explain inter-industry wage differentials?, "Gibbons, R.", NBER, ~, pp.Working Paper, No. 3182 (1992)
  16. Groot. L., "Basic income, unemployment and compensatory justice" (2004), Springer US
  17. Howard, M, "Exploitation, Labor, and Basic Income", Analyse & Kritik, 37(1-2) (2015)
  18. Keane, M, "Individual Heterogeneity and Interindustry Wage Differentials", The Journal of Human Resources, 28(1) (1993)
  19. Reflections on the Inter-industry Wage Structure, "Krueger, A.", NBER, ~, pp.Working Paper Series, No. 1968 (1986)
  20. Involuntary Unemployment as an Insider-Outsider Dilemma, "Lindbeck, A.", Institute for International Economic Studies, University of Stockholm, ~, pp.Seminar Paper No. 282 (1984)
  21. Labor Turnover, Insider Morale and Involuntary Unemployment, "Lindbeck, A", Institute for International Economic Studies, University of Stockholm, ~, pp.Seminar Paper No. 310 (1984)
  22. A Comparison of the Macroeconomic Consequences of Basic Income and Job Guarantee Schemes, "Mitchell, W.", Centre of Full Employment and Equity The University of Newcastle, ~, pp.Working Paper No. 04-05 (2004)
  23. Mitchell, W., "Reclaiming the State: A Progressive Vision of Sovereignty for a Post-Neoliberal World" (2017), Pluto Press
  24. Murphy, K., "Advances in the Theory and Measurement of Unemployment" (1987), St. Martinís Press
  25. Nove, A, "A Capitalist Road to Communism: A Comment", Theory and Society, 15(5) (1986)
  26. Oi, W, "Employment Relations in Dual Labor Markets", Journal of Labor Economics, 8(1) (1990)
  27. Paine, T., "The Origins of Universal Grants: An Anthology of Historical Writings on Basic Capital and Basic Income" (2005), Palgrave Macmillan
  28. Rawls, J, "Political Liberalism" (1993), Columbia University Press
  29. Pisauro, G, "Efficiency Wage, Fixed Employment Costs, and Dual Labour Markets", LABOUR, 14(2) (2000)
  30. Salop, S, "A Model of the Natural Rate of Unemployment", American Economic Review, 69(1) (1979)
  31. Shapiro, C., "Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device", American Economic Review, 74(3) (1984)
  32. Solow, R, "Another Possible Source of Wage Stickiness", Journal of Macroeconomics, 1(1) (1979)
  33. Stiglitz, J, "Approaches to the Economics of Discrimination", The American Economic Review, 63(2) (1973)
  34. Stiglitz, J, "Alternative Theories of Wage Determination and Unemployment in LDC’s:the Labor Turnover Model", Quarterly Journal of Economics, 88(2) (1974)
  35. Stiglitz, J, "The Efficiency Wage Hypothesis, Surplus Labour, and the Distribution of Income in L.D.C.s", Oxford Economic Papers, 28(2) (1976)
  36. Van der Veen, R, "Real Freedom Versus Reciprocity: Competing views on the Justice of Unconditional Basic Income", Political Studies, 46(1) (1998)
  37. Van Donselaar. G, "The Right to Exploit: Parasitism, Scarcity, and Basic Income" (2009), Oxford University Press
  38. Van Donselaar. G, "In Company of the Funny Sunny Surfer off Malibu: A Response to Michael Howard (and Some Others)", Analyse & Kritik, 37(1, pp.2) (2015), ~
  39. Van Parijs, P, "Why Surfers Should be Fed: The Liberal Case for an Unconditional Basic Income", Philosophy & Public Affairs, 20(2) (1991)
  40. Van Parijs, P., "Real Freedom for All: What (if Anything) Can Justify Capitalism?" (1995), Oxford University Press
  41. Van Parijs, P, "Reciprocity and the Justification of an Unconditional Basic Income. Reply to Stuart White", Political Studies, 45(2) (1997)
  42. Van der Veen, R., "A Capitalist Road to Communism", Theory and Society, 15(5) (1986)
  43. Van der Veen, R, "Universal Grants versus Socialism: Reply to Six Critics", Theory and Society, 15(5) (1986)
  44. Van der Veen, R, "A Capitalist Road to Global Justice: Reply to Another Six Critics", Basic Income Studies, 1(1) (2006)
  45. Van Parijs, P., "Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy" (2017), Harvard University Press
  46. Walsh, F, "A Multisector Model of Efficiency Wages", Journal of Labor Economics, 17(2) (1999)
  47. White, S., "Liberal Equality, Exploitation, and the Case for an Unconditional Basic Income", Political studies, XLV (1997)
  48. White, S, "Reconsidering the exploitation objection to basic income", Basic Income Studies, 1(2) (2006)
  49. Wright, E, "Why Something like Socialism Is Necessary for the Transition to Something like Communism", Theory and Society, 15(5) (1986)
  50. Wright, E, "Basic income as a socialist project", Basic income studies, 1(1) (2006)

관련 논문AI추천

기본소득의 규범적 정치이론: 좌파자유지상주의와 공화 주의 이론에 대한 검토조석주사회과학연구소 · 사회과학연구2021 · 제47권 제3호기본소득은 착취인가 정의인가? :판 돈젤라의 기본소득반대론에 대한 반비판과 마르크스주의 기본소득론의 재구성곽노완사회과학연구원 · 마르크스주의 연구2011 · 제8권 제2호인지자본주의와 기본소득: 기본소득의 유지 가능성안현효사회과학연구원 · 마르크스주의 연구2012 · 제9권 제1호플랫폼자본주의와 기본소득금민사회과학연구원 · 마르크스주의 연구2020 · 제17권 제3호좋은 삶과 노동:기본소득 논의의 윤리적 가정 검토정인경평화연구소 · 문화와 정치2020 · 제7권 제4호생태적 재생산이론과 생태기본소득: 마르크스에 대한 비판과 변형권정임사회과학연구원 · 마르크스주의 연구2012 · 제9권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (10건)

플랫폼자본주의 시대의 도시공유지와 기본소득권정임, 곽노완pp. 12-34플랫폼자본주의와 기본소득금민pp. 35-70긴급재난지원금은 기본소득의 마중물인가?김공회pp. 106-128급진좌파당 운동의 쟁점과 교훈박석삼pp. 134-161전형 문제의 검토정이근pp. 162-202
원문 보기