코로나19와 재앙 자본주의: 상품사슬과 생태적-역학적-경제적 위기
COVID-19 and Catastrophe Capitalism: Commodity Chains and Ecological-Epidemiological-Economic Crises
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20 세기 후반부터 자본주의적 세계화는 남반구에 주로 위치한 다양한 생산구역과북반구에 주로 위치한 세계 소비 , 금융 , 그리고 축적의 정점을 연결하며 다국적 기업의 통제하에 상호 연계된 상품사슬의 형태를 점점 더 채용하고 있다 . 이러한 상품사슬은 보편적 독점 - 금융자본의 출현으로 특징지어지는 후기 제국주의 현상을 구성하는 자본의 주요 물질적 순환을 전 지구적으로 구성한다 . 이 체계에서 세계 생산의통제로부터 오는 거대한 제국적 지대는 다국적 기업들이 체계의 중심 지역에 본부를 두고 주변부의 산업 노동을 과도하게 착취하는 전 지구적 노동 차익거래를 통해서뿐만 아니라 점점 더 농식품산업 다국적 기업들이 남반구의 저렴한 토지 ( 그리고노동력 ) 를 주로 북반구에 판매할 수출 작물을 생산하기 위해 수탈하는 전 지구적토지 차익 거래를 통해서도 얻어지고 있다 . 코로나 19 는 자본주의에 의해 강요되었으며 상호연관 되어 있는 생태적 , 역학적 , 그리고 경제적인 취약점들을 전례 없이두드러지게 했다 . 세계가 21 세기의 세 번째 10 년에 돌입하면서 체계의 구조적 위기가 지구적 차원들에서 발생함에 따라 우리는 재앙 자본주의의 출현을 목격하고 있다 . 이러한 위기는 관련된 생산자들이 합리적으로 자연과의 사회적 물질대사를 규제하여 에너지와 환경을 보존하는 동시에 , 개인의 자유로운 발전을 모두의 자유로운 발전에 대한 기반으로 촉진시키는 , 더 공동체적 - 공유적 기반의 사회적 물질대사재상산의 체계가 필요함을 가리키고 있다 . 21 세기 인류의 미래는 경제적 생태적 착취 / 수탈 , 제국주의 , 그리고 전쟁의 증가를 향한 방향에 있지 않다 . 그보다는 마르크스가 “ 보편적인 자유 ” 라고 칭한 것 , 그리고 실행가능한 “ 행성적 물질대사 ” 의 보존이 오늘날 인간의 현재와 미래 , 더 나아가 인류의 생존을 위해 가장 긴급하게 필요한 것들이다.
Abstract
Since the late twentieth century, capitalist globalization has increasingly adopted the form of interlinked commodity chains controlled by multinational corporations, connecting various production zones, primarily in the Global South, with the apex of world consumption, finance, and accumulation primarily in the Global North. These commodity chains make up the main material circuits of capital globally that constitute the phenomenon of late imperialism identified with the rise of generalized monopoly-finance capital. In this system, exorbitant imperial rents from the control of global production are obtained not only from the global labor arbitrage, through which multinational corporations with their headquarters in the center of the system overexploit industrial labor in the periphery, but also increasingly through the global land arbitrage, in which agribusiness multinationals expropriate cheap land (and labor) in the Global South so as to produce export crops mainly for sale in the Global North. COVID-19 has accentuated as never before the interlinked ecological, epidemiological, and economic vulnerabilities imposed by capitalism. As the world enters the third decade of the twenty-first century, we are seeing the emergence of catastrophe capitalism as the structural crisis of the system takes on planetary dimensions. This crisis points to the need for a more communal-commons-based system of social metabolic reproduction, one in which the associated producers rationally regulate their social metabolism with nature, so as to promote free development of each as the basis of the free development of all, while conserving energy and the environment. The future of humanity in the twenty-first century lies not in the direction of increased economic and ecological exploitation/ expropriation, imperialism, and war. Rather, what Marx called “freedom in general” and the preservation of a viable “planetary metabolism” are the most pressing necessities today in determining the human present and future, and even human survival.
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