힐퍼딩의 『금융자본론』이 현대 자본주의에서 갖는 의의와 한계
The Implications and Limits of Hilferding’s Fiance Capital for Understanding of Contemporary Capitalism
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이 논문은 힐퍼딩의 『금융자본론』의 현대적 의의와 한계를 살펴보는데, 그의 화폐이론과 금융자본이론을 비판적으로 고찰한다. 이 글의 주장은 다음과 같다. 첫째,힐퍼딩의 화폐이론은 화폐의 본질을 사용가치와 가치의 대립이 아니라 생산의 무정부성에서 찾는 오류를 범했고, 그 결과 공황론도 불비례설로 귀착될 수밖에 없었다. 그리고 그의 ‘사회적으로 필요한 유통가치’에 의한 화폐의 가치 결정에 대한 이론도 은본위제에서 은화주조가 금지된 상황에서 화폐의 가치결정을 잘못 이론화한것에 불과하다. 둘째, 힐퍼딩의 금융자본 이론은 당시의 독일에 나타난 역사적으로특수한 상황을 일반화하는 오류를 범하였을 뿐 아니라, 상품과 화폐의 대립에서 그릇되게 산업자본에 대한 금융자본의 지배를 도출하는 오류를 범하였다. 셋째, 힐퍼딩과 같은 오류를 범하지 않으면서 현대 자본주의를 설명하기 위해서는, 마르크스주의 이론을 충분히 발전시킨 데 기초하여, 자본주의 자체가 가지고 있는 보편성과현대 자본주의가 가지고 있는 특수성을 구분하여 연구할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
This paper investigates the implications and limits of Hilferding’s Fiance Capital if order for understanding of contemporary capitalism, focusing on his theory of money and finance capital. The arguments in this paper are as follows. Firstly, Hiferding made a mistake in finding the essence of money not in the terms of the opposition between use-value and value of commodity, but in the terms of anarchy of production, therefore limiting his theory of crisis to theory of disproportion. And his theory that the value of money is determined by socially necessary circulation value, is merely the result of mistake that he committed in theorising the value of silver coin under silver standard, when the silver mint was suspended. Secondly, Hilferding’s theory of finance capital is not only the generalization of the historically specific experience of German banking system at the beginning of 20th century, but also the result that he deducted the control of industrial capital by finance capital from the control of commodities by money. Lastly, for us to explain the specific characteristics of contemporary capitalism satisfactory without committing the same errors as Hiferding, at first we should fully develop Marxist economic theory. And then we should study the characteristics, distinguishing the general characteristics that are common to all specific stages of capitalist development and the specific ones that belong only to the contemporary times.
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