자유주의 평등관 비판과 관계론적 인간관의 관점에서 살펴본 마르크스와 스피노자의 이론적 친화성 연구
An Inquiry into Spinoza and Marx’s Shared Relationalist Anthropology and Critique of Liberal Equality
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근대 주류의 자유주의 인간론과 정치학은 “소유자 개인주의”와 “인간 공통의 본성”의 전제에 입각한 평등론을 제시하는데, 이 두 전제는 오늘날 여러 이론적, 실천적 문제점들을 노정하고 있다. 이 글은 마르크스와 스피노자의 이론적 친화성을 탐구하며 이들의 관계론적 인간론과 정치 이론이 자유주의 사상의 시발점(17세기)과 원숙기(19세기)라는 상이한 시대에 이 두 전제와는 사뭇 다른 전제에서 출발하는 정치적 사유를 전개했는지, 이를 통해 우리가 어떻게 평등의 개념 혹은 평등의 바깥을 새롭게 사유할 수 있는지를 탐구한다. 이를 위해 젊은 마르크스의 정치적 저작들에서 스피노자의 홉스 사회계약론 비판으로, 그 다음 민주주의와 평등 개념을 새롭게 사유할 수 있게 해주는 스피노자의 포함적 민주주의 철학을 상세히 논하고, 결론부에서는 자유주의적 문제계를 벗어난 관계론적 정치학이 갖는 이론적 아포리아와 그것의 한 극복형태로서 마르크스의 후기 정치경제학의 정치이론의 의의에 대해 살펴볼 것이다.
Abstract
The anthropology and political science of Western liberalism proposes a theory of human equality based on possessive individualism and a common human nature. These two premises, however, today raise various theoretical and practical problems. This article explores the theoretical affinities between Marx and Spinoza, and how their relationalist anthropology and political theory criticizes these premises in two distinct periods of Western liberalism, namely in the 17th century, when the main ideas of liberalism first emerged, and in the 19th century, when liberalism turned into a collaborator with capitalism. This article begins by examining the young Marx’s critique of his contemporary socialist and Hegel regarding their liberalist notion of human equality. In the section that follows, it is shown how Spinoza’s transformative reception of Hobbes’ social contract theory demonstrates a prototype for the Marxist critique. Then, Spinoza’s theory of democracy, which is based on his relationalist ontology of bodies, is illustrated in terms of an ‘inclusive democracy’. Finally, we articulate the idea of the inclusive democracy with the relationalist political theory developed in the mature Marx’s economic works.
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