The Greater Tumen Region Development Programme and Multilateral Policy Rationales: Geopolitical Factors Reconsidered
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The Tumen River area is considered to be strongly affected by geopolitics, and theGTI programme still has a very long way to go before it can be declared a successstory. This article argues that political factors may have a steadily increasingeffect on the GTI as part of a geoeconomic micro-regionalist framework. Indeed,political rivalries among the participants often appear more salient than regionalones. Moreover, an economic explanation for China’s involvement in theTRADP is to some extent feasible, but not significantly persuasive. Furthermore,North Korea has tended to be increasingly wary of Chinese investment. Due tothe strong South Korean connection with Yanbian, a great concern about risingKorean nationalism has also arisen in the Chinese government. Russia, for its part,may be committed to the project primarily due to its separatist-minded RussianFar East. Japan, however, is not geographically connected by land to the region, butin order to generate positive spill-over effects that include the Japanese economy,the GTI is in need of expanding its geographical coverage to also include the seaarea of the East Sea (of the ROK). In the long term, the TRADP need not adhereto the GTI’s previous formula of multilateralism. According to policy options,bilateral or trilateral frameworks are preferable.
Abstract
The Tumen River area is considered to be strongly affected by geopolitics, and theGTI programme still has a very long way to go before it can be declared a successstory. This article argues that political factors may have a steadily increasingeffect on the GTI as part of a geoeconomic micro-regionalist framework. Indeed,political rivalries among the participants often appear more salient than regionalones. Moreover, an economic explanation for China’s involvement in theTRADP is to some extent feasible, but not significantly persuasive. Furthermore,North Korea has tended to be increasingly wary of Chinese investment. Due tothe strong South Korean connection with Yanbian, a great concern about risingKorean nationalism has also arisen in the Chinese government. Russia, for its part,may be committed to the project primarily due to its separatist-minded RussianFar East. Japan, however, is not geographically connected by land to the region, butin order to generate positive spill-over effects that include the Japanese economy,the GTI is in need of expanding its geographical coverage to also include the seaarea of the East Sea (of the ROK). In the long term, the TRADP need not adhereto the GTI’s previous formula of multilateralism. According to policy options,bilateral or trilateral frameworks are preferable.
참고문헌 (30)
- Richard Pomfret, "The Tumen River Area Development Programme", IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin, 5(4), pp.80~ (1997)
- (2013)[URL]
- Sam Byfield, "Signs of Hope for North Korea along the Tumen River", East Asia Forum (2010)
- Zhu Shu, "A Perspective on the Greater Tumen Initiative and Northeast Asia Economic Cooperation", JPI PeaceNet (2011)
- Andrew Yeo, "Old Habits Die Hard: Historical Institutionalism and Northeast Asia’s Regional Security Architecture", Presented at Asiatic Research Institute (2011), Korea University
- Victor Cha, "Complex Patchworks: U.S. Alliance as Part of Asia’s Regional Architecture", Asian Policy, 11(1), pp.27~50 (2011)
- Christopher W. Hughes, "Tumen River Area Development Programme: Frustrated Micro-regionalism as a Microcosm of Political Rivalries", CSGR Working Paper, (57) (2000)
- "Strategic Review on Greater Tumen Initiative: Final Report" (2011)[URL]
- Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, "The Heyday of Beijing’s Participation in the Tumen River Area Development Programme, 1990–1995: A Political Explanation", Journal of Contemporary China, 9(24) (2000)
- Masahiro Kawai, "Financial Development Cooperation in Northeast Asia", ADBI Working Paper Series, (47), pp.18~ (2013)
- Carla P. Freeman, "In Pursuit of Peaceful Development in Northeast Asia: China, the Tumen River Development Project, and Sino-Korean Relations", Working Paper, (2), pp.7~ (2008), U.S.-Korean Institute School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University
- China on the Edge: China’s Border Provinces and Chinese Security Policy, "Carla Freeman", The Center for the National Interest, ~ (2011)
- "The Progress and Functions of the Tumen River Area Development Programme in the Northeast Asian Political Economy"[URL]
- 조정원, "The Conflict, Cooperation, and Competition of Sino-Russian Relations: Focused on Tumen River and the East Sea", Eurasian Review, 5, pp.51~63 (2012), 유라시아연구소
- Jo Jin Cheol, "Rajin-Seonbon, New Gateway of Northeast Asia", Annals of Regional Science, 41(4) (2007)
- Judith Thornton, "Benchmarking North Korean Economic Policies: The Lessons from Russia and China", Conference North Korea:Guideposts for Radical Economic Change (2007)
- Hsi-I Angel Chen, "Transnational Sub-regional Cooperation in Practice: Dynamics of Microregionalism and Micro-regionalisation in the East Asia Pacific", Ph.D, pp.2009
- Hisako Tsuji, "The Tumen River Area Development Programme: Its History and Current Status as of 2004", ERINA Discussion Paper, (0404e), pp.11~ (2004)
- Shuji Matsuno, "International Cross Border Economic Regions in East Asia, Greater Tumen Region (GTR) and Greater Mekong Sub-region", Ritsumeikan International Affairs, 10, pp.155~156 (2011)
- Simon Marsden, "Promoting Transboundary EIA in China: The Greater Tumen Initiative", 30th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Impact Assessment: The Role of Impact Assessment (2010), International Conference Centre
- Masahiro Kawai, "Financial Development Cooperation in Northeast Asia", ADBI Working Paper Series, (47), pp.28~ (2013)
- Carla P. Freeman, "Neighborly Relations: The Tumen Development Project and China’s Security Strategy", Journal of Contemporary China, 19(63) (2010)
- Yu Bin, "In Search for a Normal Relationship: China and Russia into the 21st Century", China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 5(4), pp.73~ (2007)
- Quti Luova, "Mobilizing Transnational Korean Linkage for Economic Development on China’s Frontier", Japan Focus, ~ (2007)
- Te Kan, "Yanbian Eyes Further Investment", China Daily, ~ (2006)
- Choi Myeong-hae, "The DPRK-PRC Joint Projects in Rason and Hwanggumpyong", SERI Quarterly, 4(4), pp.130~131 (2011)
- China-North Korea Relations, "Dick K. Nanto", CRS Report for Congress, 10~ (2010)
- "Economic and Social Implications of China-DPRK Border Trade for China’s Northeast"[URL]
- Buying into the Hermit Kingdom: FDI in the DPRK, "Kevin Shepard", KEI, 3~, pp.KEI Academic Paper Series 5, no.1 (2010)
- Edward Wong, "Tending a Small Patch of Capitalism in North Korea", The New York Times, ~ (2011)