China’s 2013 Reform of Maritime Law Enforcement: Progress and Unsolved Issues
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Since late 2012, Chinese President Xi Jinping has introduced far-ranging measures to “build China into a maritime power (建设海洋强国).” One notable campaign was the creation of a centralized China Coast Guard (CCG) force and the National Oceanic Commission (NOC), as the previous lack of a functional mechanism to coordinate China’s maritime policies and five maritime law enforcement agencies, the “five dragons,” has been a longstanding problem hindering the country from effectively administering its maritime territories. This paper argues that the operational functions of the CCG have been developed, although not fully, and CCG vessels are now undertaking patrol missions in an orderly pattern. Nevertheless, at the policymaking level, the progress of the reform is rather limited. Particularly, the development of the NOC, an organ responsible for the “top-level design” of China’s grand maritime strategy, as well as the legal foundations for the CCG’s operations are still incomplete. Moreover, Beijing’s decision not to incorporate the Maritime Safety Administration into the CCG suggests that the country is adopting an old logic of “crossing the river by feeling the stones (摸着石头过河)” while still pledging to reach its maritime power goal, part of the Chinese dream for national rejuvenation.
Abstract
Since late 2012, Chinese President Xi Jinping has introduced far-ranging measures to “build China into a maritime power (建设海洋强国).” One notable campaign was the creation of a centralized China Coast Guard (CCG) force and the National Oceanic Commission (NOC), as the previous lack of a functional mechanism to coordinate China’s maritime policies and five maritime law enforcement agencies, the “five dragons,” has been a longstanding problem hindering the country from effectively administering its maritime territories. This paper argues that the operational functions of the CCG have been developed, although not fully, and CCG vessels are now undertaking patrol missions in an orderly pattern. Nevertheless, at the policymaking level, the progress of the reform is rather limited. Particularly, the development of the NOC, an organ responsible for the “top-level design” of China’s grand maritime strategy, as well as the legal foundations for the CCG’s operations are still incomplete. Moreover, Beijing’s decision not to incorporate the Maritime Safety Administration into the CCG suggests that the country is adopting an old logic of “crossing the river by feeling the stones (摸着石头过河)” while still pledging to reach its maritime power goal, part of the Chinese dream for national rejuvenation.
참고문헌 (67)
- "Hu Calls for Efforts to Build China into Maritime Power" (2012)[URL]
- Gao Xinsheng, "Study on the Coast Defence Thought for the Chinese Communist Party’s Leading Group, 1949-2009", pp.292~ (2010), Shishi Publishing Press
- "Building China into Maritime Power Included in the Special Report to the Party Congress" (2012)[URL]
- Junichi Takeda, "China’s Rise as a Maritime Power: Ocean Policy from Mao Zedong to Xi Jinping", Review of Island Studies (2014)
- "China to Restructure Oceanic Administration, Enhance Maritime Law Enforcement" (2013)[URL]
- Zou Wentao, "Restructuring China’s Maritime Security: Lofty Ambition, Little Progress", RSIS Commentaries, (7), pp.2~ (2014)
- Shi Chunlin, "New Questions and Strategists after the Integration of China’s Maritime Management and Law Enforcement Forces", China Soft Science, (11) (2014)
- Dangerous Waters: China-Japan Relations on the Rocks, "International Crisis Group", International Crisis Group, 40~ (2013)
- Mao Shoulong, "The Logic behind the Reconstruction of the State Oceanic Administration", China Report, (4), pp.33~ (2013)
- Zhang Jian, "China’s New Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping: towards Peaceful Rise 2.0?", Global Change, Peace and Security, 27(1), pp.5~19 (2015)
- "Create a Strong Mechanism to Enhance China’s Maritime Power" (2013)[URL]
- Kenneth Lieberthal, "Policy Making in China: Leaders, Structures and Processes" (1988), Princeton University Press
- Kenneth Lieberthal, "Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China", pp.6~9 (1992), University of California Press
- Andrew Mertha, "China’s Water Warriors: Citizen Action and Political Change", pp.5~ (2008), Cornell University Press
- He Zhonglong, "Study on the Development of China Coast Guard Force", pp.39~40 (2007), Ocean Press
- Lyle J. Goldstein, "Five Dragons Stirring up the Sea: Challenge and Opportunity in China’s Improving Maritime Enforcement Capabilities", pp.3~6 (2010), U.S. Naval War College
- State Oceanic Administration, "China’s Ocean Development Report 2010" (2010), Ocean Press
- Teng Zuweng, "Study on the Management of Maritime Zone and Maritime Affairs", pp.371~372 (2009), Ocean Press
- Wang Qi, "China’s Ocean Management: Operation and Renovation" (2014), Ocean Press
- Han Yong, "Who Is Going to Administer China’s Ocean ?", China Newsweek, no. 43, ~ (2012)
- "The Birth of China Coast Guard" (2013)[URL]
- Wang Fang, "China’s Maritime Policies and Management" (2014), China Intercontinental Press
- "webpage of Jiangsu Provincial Oceanic and Fishery Bureau"[URL]
- "SOA webpage"[URL]
- "How China Is Expanding Its Coast Guard?" (2015)[URL]
- "The World Largest Maritime Law Enforcement Force" (2015)[URL]
- "Beijing Builds Monster Ship for Patrolling the South China Sea" (2016)[URL]
- "China’s Second 10,000-ton Maritime Law Enforcement Vessel to be Deployed in South China Sea" (2016)[URL]
- "China Coast Guard Bought Xinzhou 60 Maritime Surveillance Aircraft" (2015)[URL]
- "The Observation on the First Anniversary of the Birth of China Coast Guard" (2014)[URL]
- "Build China into a Maritime Power and Always Make New Achievements" (2014)[URL]
- Wang Jie, "Research on the Integration of Maritime Law Enforcement Resources in China", China Soft Science, (6), pp.26~27 (2014)
- "The China Coast Guard: Not as Easy as Just Changing the Name" (2014)[URL]
- "The Future of the China Coast Guard" (2014)[URL]
- "The Preparatory Group for the China Coast Guard South Sea Branch Created" (2014)[URL]
- "SOA South Sea Branch website"[URL]
- "Fang Jianmeng Visited the China Maritime Surveillance 4th Detachment" (2016)[URL]
- "The Modernist China Coast Guard Cutter Commissioned to Zhejiang Maritime Police in Ningbo" (2016)[URL]
- "Wang Hong’s Annual Report Presented at the National Ocean Affairs Conference"[URL]
- Li Mingjiang, "Restructuring China’s Maritime Law Enforcement: Impact on Regional Security", RSIS Commentaries, (50), pp.2~ (2013)
- Andrew Mertha, "Fragmented Authoritarianism 2.0: Political Pluralization in the Chinese Policy Process", China Quarterly, (200), pp.996~ (2009)
- China’s Unpredictable Maritime Security Actors, "Linda Jakobson", Lowy Institute for International Policy, 18~ (2014)
- "The China Coast Guard Holds First Press Conference and Clarifies Its Duties to Protect China’s Maritime Rights" (2015)[URL]
- "China Coast Guard Fleet Demonstrated China’s Sovereignty in the Diaoyu Islands Waters" (2013)[URL]
- "Japanese Media: Three China Coast Guard Patrol Vessels Entering the Waters within 12 Nautical Miles from the Diaoyu Island Coast" (2014)[URL]
- "Japan Claimed that It Will Send a Letter of Protest to China" (2015)[URL]
- Ryan D. Martinson, "China’s Second Navy", Proceedings Magazine, (141) (2014)
- "HYSY 981 Drilling Rig: Vietnam’s Provocation and China’s Position" (2014)[URL]
- "Vietnam Accuses China of Infringing Its Territorial Sovereignty" (2014)[URL]
- "China Takes Philippine Atoll" (2016)[URL]
- "A Trinity of the Offices of the Chinese Communist Party Foreign Affairs, National Security and Maritime Rights Leading Small Groups" (2013)[URL]
- "Maritime Strategy with Chinese Characteristics?" (2016)[URL]
- "CCP Maritime Rights Leading Small Group Office Established" (2013)[URL]
- "Decoding the CCP Maritime Rights Leading Small Group Office" (2014)[URL]
- Deng Ge, "The Analysis of China’s Maritime Management Modes after the Institutional Reform", World Shipping, (7), pp.18~ (2015)
- Wang Zili, "Study on the Challenges and Strategies of China Coast Guard’s Law Enforcement in the New Era", Science and Technology Information, (13), pp.215~216 (2014)
- Xiong Yongxian, "On the Choice and Development of the Model for Maritime Law Enforcement in the South China Sea", Journal of Hainan University of Economic and Law, (3), pp.13~15 (2015)
- "Liu Cigui: Share the Successful Experience to Protect the Health of the Ocean" (2014)[URL]
- Feng Jiangfeng, "Study on the Development of China Coast Guard Legal Framework", China Water Transport, (12) (2015)
- Li Yongjun, "Study on the Usage Right of Sea Area", pp.70~75 (2006), China University of Political science and Law Press
- Huang Yingshan, "China’s Second Navy: Improvement, Implementation and Implications", Defence International, (356), pp.65~66 (2014)
- "The Militarization of China’s Coast Guard" (2014)[URL]
- Wang Jintang, "Conception on Development Strategy of China Coast Guard", Journal of China Maritime Police Academy, (2), pp.48~52 (2015)
- Wang Dapeng, "Discussion on the Divides of Authority and Responsibility between China Coast Guard and China MSA during the Reform of Oceanic Administration System", Hebei Law Science, (8), pp.108~114 (2015)
- "If the China Coast Guard Aims to Show China’s Muscles, the China Maritime Safety Administration Should Communicate and Show China’s Soft Power"[URL]
- Wang Jie, "Research on the Affiliation of China Maritime Law Enforcement Agencies", China Soft Science, (9), pp.10~ (2015)
- Wu Zhaolin, "China MSA: Response to the Unified Marine Law Enforcement Positively", China Maritime Safety, (5), pp.8~ (2013)