미국 대학의 교양교육: 쟁점과 교훈
Liberal Education in American Universities: Its Issues and Lessons
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본 연구는 미국 대학 교양교육의 변천과정을 역사적으로 개괄하고, 이 변천과정에 포함된 쟁점들을 전통적 교양교육관과 그에 대한 비판을 중심으로 논의하였다. 또한, 미국의 대학에서 교양교육의 강화와 재정립을 위해 제시되는 새로운 방향들을 고찰하고, 이상의 분석과 논의를 토대로 한국대학의 교양교육을 위한 교훈과 시사점을 도출해 보았는데 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 아래와 같다. 미국 대학의 전통적 교양교육은 지난 4세기에 걸쳐 부침을 겪어왔으며, 이러한 변화는 전통적 교양교육과 그에 대한 비판세력 간의 대립구도로 설명된다. 전통적 교양교육에 대한 비판은, 우선 전통적 교양교육은 실용적이지 못하다는 것, 또한 전통적 교양교육은 지식습득에만 치중한다는 것, 그리고, 전통적 교양교육은 문화적･계급적으로 편향되어 있다는 것 등으로 압축된다. 그러나 이러한 비판에도 불구하고, 미국의 대학들 사이에 전통적 교양교육의 중요성에 대한 인식은 여전히 확고하다. 이에 따라 전통적 교양교육의 재정립을 위한 노력들이 확산되고 있다. 한 편 최근 들어 교양교육의 사회적 책무, 학습결과 위주의 교양교육, 국제화를 위한 교양교육, 교양교육에서 과학 교육의 강화 등 교양교육의 새로운 추이가 목도된다. 미국 대학의 교양교육의 변천이 우리에게 주는 시사점은 첫째, 교육의 경제적 실용성에 대해 경계해야 한다는 것, 둘째, 편협하고 세분화 된 교양교육은 바람직하지 않다는 것, 셋째, 결과 위주의 평가에는 한계가 있다는 것, 넷째, 개별 대학의 특성에 맞는 차별화된 교양교육을 지향해야 한다는 것, 끝으로 대학의 사회적 책임을 인식시킬 필요가 있다는 것 등으로 요약된다.
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to analyze the issues and trends which have made and underpinned changes in the history of liberal education in American universities, and to derive the lessons and implications in order for Korean universities to improve their liberal education. Method and design: The study is conducted on the basis of literature survey. It encompasses and analyzes a wide range of books and papers on liberal education of American universities. The paper is organized in the following order. First, a brief historical review of changes in liberal education of American universities is provided. Second the paper analyzes the issues that have underlain the major changes and turns in the history of American liberal education. Third, the efforts and attempts to revitalize the weakening liberal education in American universities by searching its new directions and orientations are illuminated. Finally, the paper derives the lessons and implications from the above investigation in order for Korean universities to improve their liberal education. Findings: The study finds that American universities endeavor to reemphasize the ideals of liberal education in its traditional sense in order to revitalize it. It also concludes that the emphasis on economic utility is extremely difficult to be compatible with the ideals of liberal education. Finally, the study recommends Korean universities to reinvigorate the system of traditional liberal education aiming at enhancing broad intellectual competence, not to focus on the economic utility of educational practices, to diversify programs of liberal education in accordance with their different goals and functions, and to underscore their social responsibilities.
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