생산 요소의 이동성과 통상 정치: 1990년대 이후 미국 통상 정치
Factor Mobility and Trade Politics: Major Changes in the U.S. Trade Policy after NAFTA
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
전통적으로 미국 통상 정책의 입법 과정은 이익 집단 간의 정치적 갈등이 지배하여 왔다. 수출 산업 대 수입 경쟁산업, 국제파 자본 대 국내파 자본, 생산직 대 전문직이 통상 정책에 대한 이해를 달리함에 따라서 특정 세력의 보호주의 요구를 자유주의적 합의로 조정하는 정치 과정에 의해 자유무역을 확대하는 통상 정책을 견지해 왔던 것이다. 그러나 이처럼 개별 산업들의 요구와 조정에 기반하여 자유화 정책을 확대시켜 오던 합의적인 통상 정책 기제는 1990년대부터 제대로 작동하지 않기 시작하였다. 1990년대 이후 미국 통상 정치의 두드러진 특징은 자본과 노동의 통상 정책 선호의 분화, 보호주의 요구와 사회적 이슈와의 연계, 그리고 통상 정책을 둘러 싼 정당 정치의 양극화이다. 이러한 미국 통상 정치의 변화는 기존의 자본 분파, 산업 분파 간의 대립으로는 설명하기 힘들다. 이 글은 미국의 새로운 통상 정치를 가져 온 핵심 요인을 생산 요소의 이동성의 변화로 파악하고 높아진 생산 요소의 이동성이 각 집단의 통상 정책적 선호, 노조의 보호주의 전략, 그리고 정당 정치에 미친 영향을 분석한다.
Abstract
The politics of interest groups has dominated the U.S. trade policy making process. The conflicts between export and import competition industries have been regarded as the key explanation of changes in the U.S. trade policy. In the same vein some argued that the historic origin of the conflicts had been the division of capitalists into internationalists and domestic capital groups. However, the traditional approach to the U.S. trade politics has begun to be less persuasive since the early 1990s because the preferences for trade policy among industrial sectors have been rapidly converged on free trade policy. This paper explains the changes in trade policy preferences by the increased factor mobility and the subsequent effects on the protective strategy of labor and supports of interest groups for parties. Party polarization is also representing such changes in trade politics mainly caused by the increase in factor mobility.
참고문헌 (31)
- Alt, James E, "The Political Economy of Trading States:Factor Specificity, Collective Action Problems, and Domestic Political Institutions", Journal of Political Philosophy, 2(2), pp.165~192 (1994)
- Alt, James, "Asset Specificity and the Political Behavior of Firms: Lobbying for Subsidies in Norway", International Organization, 53, pp.99~116 (1999)
- Baldwin, Robert E, "Is Trade Policy for Sale? Congressional Voting on Recent Trade Bills", Public Choice, 105, pp.79~101 (2000)
- Baldwin, Robert E., "The Political Economy of U.S. Import Policy" (1985), MIT Press
- Conybeare, John A. C., "Who Vted Aainst the NAFTA? Trade Unions verseus Free Trade", World Economy, 19(1), pp.1~12 (1996)
- Coughlin,C., "Domestic Content Legislation: House Voting and the Economics of Regulation", Economic Inquiry, 23(3), pp.437~448 (1985)
- Deardorff, Alan, "Constituents Interests and U.S. Trade Policies" (1998), University of Michigan Press
- Destler, I. M., "American Trade Politics (4th ed)" (2005), Institute for International Economics
- Destler,I.M., "Trae Politics and Labor Issues, 1953-1995, in Imports, Exports, and the American Worker", pp.389~408 (1998), Brookings Institution
- Ferguson,Thomas, "From Normalcy to New Deal: Industrial Structure, Party Competition, and American Public Policy in the Great Depression", International Organization, 38(1), pp.41~94 (1984)
- Fordham,Benjamin O., "Economic Interests and Congressional Voting on Security Issues", Journal of Conflict Resolution, 52(5), pp.623~640 (2008)
- Fordham, Benjamin O., "Selection and Inflence: Interest Groups and Cogressional Voting on Trade Policy", International Organization, 57(2), pp.519~549 (2003)
- Frieden,Jeffry A., "Sectoral Conflict and Foreign Economic Policy, 1914-1940", International Organization, 42(1), pp.59~90 (1988)
- Grossman, Gene, "A Theory of Factor Mobility", Journal of Political Economy, 90(5), pp.1054~1069 (1982)
- Herrmann, Richard K., "How Americans Think about Trade: Reconciling Conflicts among Money, Power, and Principles", International Studies Quarterly, 45(2), pp.191~218 (2001)
- Hiscox,Michael J., "International Trade and Political Conflict: Commerce, Coalitions, and Mobility" (2002), Princeton University Press
- Kaempfer, H. William, "The Expected Effects of Trade Liberalization: Evidence from U.S. Congressional Action on Fast-Track Authority", World Economy, 16(6), pp.725~741 (1993)
- Krugman, Paul, "International Economics: Theory and Practice. Reading" (2000), Addison-Wesley
- Ladewig,Jeffrey W., "Domestic Influences on International Trade Policy: Factor Mobility in the United States, 1963 to 1992", International Organization, 60(4), pp.69~103 (2006)
- Ladewig, Jeffrey W, "Conditional Party Government and the Homogeneity of Constituent Interests", Journal of Politics, 67(4), pp.1006~1029 (2005)
- Magee, Stephen P, "Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory: Political Economy in General Equilibrium" (1989), Cambridge University Press
- Mayer,Wolfgang, "Short-run and Long-run Equilibrium for a Small Open Economy", Journal of Political Economy, 82(4), pp.955~967 (1974)
- Mayer,Wolfgang, "Short-run and Long-run Equilibrium for a Small Open Economy", Journal of Political Economy, 82, pp.955~967 (1974)
- McArthur, John, "Empirical Analyses of the Determinants of Protection: A Survey of Some New Results,” in International Trade Policies: Gains from Exchange Between Economics and Political Science" (1990), University of Michigan Press
- McGillivray,Fiona, "Party Discipline as a Determinant of the Endogenous Formation of Tariffs", American Journal of Political Science, 41(2), pp.584~607 (1997)
- Midford,Paul, "International Trade and Domestic Politics: Improving on Rogowski’s Model of Political Alignments", International Organization, 47(4), pp.535~564 (1993)
- Mussa,Michael, "Tariffs and the Distribution of Income: The Importance of Factor Specificity, Substitutibility, and Intensity in the Sort and Long Run", Journal of Political Economy, 82, pp.1191~1203 (1974)
- Poole, Keith T., "On Dimensionalizing Roll Call Votes in the U.S. Congress", American Political Science Review, 85(3), pp.955~976 (1991)
- Rogowski,Ronald, "Political Cleavages and Changing Exposure to Trade", American Political Science Review, 81(4), pp.1121~1137 (1987)
- Scheve, Kennth, "Globalization and the Perceptions of American Workers" (2001), Institute for International Economics
- U.S. Census Bureau, "2007 Statistical Abstract of the United States", ~ (2007)