영국 경찰기관의 빅 데이터 활용 관리와 정책 시사점에 관한 연구
Big Data Application and Management of UK Police Forces and its Policy Implications for the Korean Police
0
조회
0
다운로드
9
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
반사회적 행동이 늘어나고 범죄가 다양화됨에 따라 세계 각국의 경찰기관에서는 빅 데이터를 활용하려는 움직임이 가속화되고 있다. 선행연구에 따르면, 이에 대한 활용 영역은 크게 예측적 경찰활동(predictive policing), 대규모 감시 시스템(mass surveillance system), 그리고 DNA 정보(DNA databank) 활용으로 분류된다. 본 연구에서는 영국 경찰기관에서 빅 데이터 분석․활용 시스템을 어떻게 구축하고 있고, 도입을 추진하고 있는지 문헌 조사를 통하여 검토하였다. 영국의 경우 빅 데이터 활용 효율성을 제고하기 위해 분산되어 있는 데이터베이스를 국가적 차원에서 통합하려는 움직임을 보이고 있다. 데이터베이스 통합으로 질적․양적으로 향상된 빅 데이터 분석을 가능하게 하여 국가범죄수사청(National Crime Agency, NCA), 지역조직범죄수사단(Regional Organized Crime Units), 사기범죄신고시스템(Action Fraud) 등 법집행기관들이 효율적으로 조직․광역․사이버 범죄에 대처할 수 있도록 노력하고 있다. 반면에, 사회정치적 요인으로 인해 빅 데이터 분석을 활용하는 것은 각각 경찰기관들의 지역 실정에 맞게 도입하고 있다. 대표적으로, 켄트(Kent)와 맨체스터(Manchester) 지방경찰청에서 범죄위험지역 예측(predictive hotspot mapping) 시스템을 도입하여 효과성을 입증하였으며, 런던․맨체스터․버밍험 등 대도시를 중심으로 대규모 감시 활동을 펼치고 있다. 이상의 논의를 바탕으로, 한국 경찰기관에서 빅 데이터 분석․활용 시스템을 효과적으로 운영하기 위한 정책적 시사점을 도출하였다.
Abstract
As antisocial behavior increases and crimes become more diverse, police agencies around the world are accelerating the use of Big Data. According to previous studies, the application areas are classified into predictive policing, mass surveillance system, and DNA databank. In this study, we investigated how the UK police forces are merging databases and building Big Data systems for their utilization through literature review. The UK government showed a move to consolidate its fragmented databases at the national level to improve its efficiency. The database integration was intended to enable qualitative and quantitative improvements in Big Data analysis. This could open the door for law enforcement agencies, such as National Crime Agency, Regional Organized Crime Units, and Action Fraud, to effectively deal with organized, cross-regional, and cyber crimes. On the other hand, the actual use of big data analysis depends on individual police forces due to different socio-political factors. As representative cases, Kent and Manchester police forces have proven their effectiveness by implementing a predictive hotspot mapping system. In addition, mass surveillance activities are evolving around major cities, such as London, Manchester and Birmingham. Based on the discussions, policy implications for the effective operation of the Big Data Analysis and Utilization System were suggested for the Korean Police Agency.
참고문헌 (52)
- 윤해성, "범죄 빅 데이터를 활용한 범죄예방시스템구축을 위한 예비 연구(Ⅰ)" (2014), 형사정책연구원
- Bayley, D. H., "Police for the Future" (1996), Oxford University Press
- Beck, U., "Risk society: Towards a new modernity" (1992), Sage
- Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport, "UK Digital Strategy", ~ (2017)
- Dylan, H., "Guide to the study of intelligence, British Intelligence", Association of Former Intelligence Officers, ~ (2014)
- Law Enforcement Data Service (LEDS) – Privacy Impact Assessment Report, "Home Office", ~ (2018)
- Home Office, "National DNA Database statistics, Q2 2018 to 2019", ~ (2018)
- Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Data Protection, "Information Commissioner’s Office", ~ (2017)
- Annual Report 2015 – 2016, "Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament", ~ (2016)
- Measuring the information society report, "International Telecommunication Union", ~ (2015)
- Joyce, P., "Criminal justice: An introduction" (2013), Routledge
- Kent police, "PredPol operational review", ~ (2014)
- London Assembly, "Smart Policing: How the Metropolitan Police Service Can Make Better Use of Technology (London: City Hall)", ~ (2013)
- Marshall, D, "Privacy and riminal Justice", pp.101~126 (2017), Palgrave Macmillan
- Mayer-Schönberger, V., "Big Data–A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Think and Work" (2013), Mariner Books
- Pease, K., "Repeat victimisation. In Environmental Criminology and rime Analysis", pp.139~157 (2013), Willan
- Renn, O., "Risk governance: coping with uncertainty in a complex world" (2017), Routledge
- Schneider, S., "Innovation for Sustainability", pp.415~433 (2019), Palgrave Macmillan
- Annual Report 2016, "17", Surveillance Camera Commissioner, 2018
- A national surveillance camera strategy for England and Wales, "Surveillance Camera Commissioner", ~ (2017)
- 이주락, "영국의 정보주도형 경찰활동 분석", 영미연구, 42, pp.261~284 (2018), 영미연구소[DOI]
- Boyd, D., "Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon", Information, communication & society, 15(5), pp.662~679 (2012)
- Brayne, S., "Big data surveillance: The case of policing", American Sociological Review, 82(5), pp.977~1008 (2017)
- Chen, H., "Business intelligence and analytics: from big data to big impact", MIS quarterly, pp.1165~1188 (2012)
- Ferguson, A. G., "Illuminating Black Data Policing", Ohio St. J. Crim. L., 15, pp.503~ (2018)
- Fielding, M., "‘Disrupting the optimal forager’: predictive risk mapping and domestic burglary reduction in Trafford, Greater Manchester", International Journal of Police Science & Management, 14(1), pp.30~41 (2012)
- Joh, E. E., "Policing by numbers: big data and the Fourth Amendment", Wash. L. ev., 89, pp.35~ (2014)
- Joh, E. E., "The new surveillance discretion: Automated suspicion, big data, and policing", Harv. L. & Pol'y Rev., 10, pp.15~ (2016)
- Lazer, D., "Computational social science", Science, 323(5915), pp.721~723 (2009)
- Redmond, Michael, "A data-driven software tool for enabling cooperative information sharing among police departments", European Journal of Operational Research, 141(3), pp.660~678 (2002)
- Scassa, T., "Law enforcement in the age of big data and surveillance intermediaries:Transparency challenges", SCRIPTed, 14(2), pp.239~284 (2017)
- "범죄 수사에 AI기술의 적용" (2018)[URL]
- "과학수사에 ‘인공지능’ 접목, 동일범 여죄까지 찾아낸다" (2018)[URL]
- "정부내 컨트롤타워 없이 빅데이터센터만 ‘우후죽순’... 법적 걸림돌 여전" (2019)[URL]
- Big data and policing, "Babuta, A.", RUSI, ~, pp.RUSI Occasional Paper, 3 (2017)
- "Revealed: how US and UK spy agencies defeat internet privacy and security" (2013)[URL]
- "The surveillance state in 2018" (2018)[URL]
- "City of London’s Ring of Stell security" (2018)[URL]
- "Kent Police stop using crime predicting software" (2018)[URL]
- Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport, "Centre for data ethics and innovation – consultation", ~ (2018)
- "How big data is helping the NUYPD solve crimes faster" (2016)[URL]
- "Police super-database prompts Liberty warning on privacy" (2018)[URL]
- "CODIS – NDIS Statistics" (2018)[URL]
- "Next Generation Identification"[URL]
- "Weekly Police Briefing Offers Snapshot of Department and Its Leader" (2013)[URL]
- "Police Add Civilians in Bid to Better Analyze Crime Data" (2017)[URL]
- "the SARs regime"[URL]
- "The NYS DNA Databank and CODIS"[URL]
- "Being arrested: your rights"[URL]
- "World first Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation: Government Statement" (2018)[URL]
- "Police surveillance: the US city that beat Big Brother" (2016)[URL]