마거릿 애트우드의 『홍수의 해』에서 실용주의적 환경 서사
Environmental Pragmatist Narratives in Margaret Atwood’s The Year of the Flood
0
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
이 논문은 마거릿 애트우드의 매드아담(MaddAddam) 삼부작 중 두 번째 작품 『홍수의 해』에서 주인공이면서 주요 서술자인 토비(Toby)의 서사가 함의하는 생태사상을 분석한다. 토비는 본의 아니게 이른바 ‘신의 정원사들’의 은거지 이든클리프(Edencliff)에서 살게 되지만, 그녀의 생태적 경험칙은 아담 1(Adam One)이 ‘정원사들’의 친환경적인 삶을 추동한다고 믿는 반인본주의적 생태중심사상과 일정한 거리를 유지한다. 보조 서술자 렌(Ren)의 서사와 크레이크(Crake)의 ‘물 없는 홍수’ 기획에 아담 1과 필라(Pilar)가 관여하였다는 정황을 노출하는 플롯이 더해지면서 이 소설의 환경서사는 보다 복잡한 양상을 띠게 된다. 즉, 이 소설의 분산된 서사는 영성주의와 과학제일주의, 혹은 종교적 근본주의에 뿌리를 내리고 있는 생태중심주의와 환경파괴를 정당화하는 인간중심사상 사이를 갈마든다. 이렇듯 작가는 양가적인 서사를 채택함으로써 어쩔 수 없이 다양한 인간의 욕구와 이해관계가 관여할 수밖에 없는 환경문제에 대한 포괄적인 대화를 요구하고 있다. 따라서 이 소설의 생태서사는 실용주의 환경론의 입장을 지향한다고 볼 수 있다. 그리고 애트우드가 지향하는 실용주의적 자연관은 본질주의 자연관에 매몰된 생태중심주의보다 환경문제와 관련한 공동체 안의 소통과 의사결정을 보다 효율적으로 제고할 수 있다는 것이 실용주의 환경론자들의 믿음과 실천이다.
Abstract
This essay examines ecological implications of Toby’s narrative in Atwood’s The Year of the Flood, the second serial of her MaddAddam triology. Even if Toby happens to live at Edencliff, the secluded residence of ‘Gardeners,’ she positions herself aloof from Adam One’s antihumanistic eco-centrism that he thinks leads the eco-friendly life of ‘God’s Gardeners.’ As added by Ren’s narration and a plot revealing Adam One and Pilar’s involvement in Crake’s plan of ‘waterless flood,’ the environmental narrative of the novel becomes more complex; dispersed narratives in the novel fluctuate between eco-centrism originated from religious fundamentalism and anthropocentric biases justifying ecological depredation or between spiritualism and hardcore scientisism. By adopting the ambivalent narrative, the author invites a comprehensive dialogue over the environmental issue that unavoidably involves diverse human desires and interests. Thus, the narrative seems to take an environmental pragmatist’s stance. And because Atwood goes toward a pragmatist’s view of nature, she could better-promote more efficient environmental decision makings than do those relevant theorists and philosophers who are obsessed by the essentialist view of nature and never allow dialogical articulation.
참고문헌 (22)
- Atwood, Margaret, "MaddAddam" (2014), Virago Press
- Atwood, Margaret, "Oryx and Crake" (2004), Random House
- Atwood, Margaret, "The Year of the Flood" (2010), Virago Press
- Bergthaller, Hannes, "Housebreaking the Human Animal: Humanism and the Problem of Sustainability in Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake and The Year of the Flood", English Studies: A Journal of English Language and Literature, 91(7), pp.728~743 (2010)
- Bouson, J. Brooks, "‘We’re Using Up the Earth. it’s Almost Gone’: A Return to the Post-Apocalyptic Future in Margaret Atwood’s The Year of the Flood", Journal of Commonwealth Literature, 46(1), pp.9~26 (2011)
- Bowers, C. A., "The Case against John Dewey as an Environmental and Eco-Justice Philosopher", Environmental Ethics, 25(1), pp.25~42 (2003)
- Canavan, Gerry, "Hope, But for Us: Ecological Science Fiction and the End of the World in Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake and The Year of the Flood", Literature Interpretation Theory, 23, pp.138~159 (2012)
- DeFalco, Amelia, "Haunting physicality: Corpses, Cannibalism, and Carnality in Margaret Atwood’s Alias Grace", University of Toronto Quarterly, 75(2), pp.775~791 (2006)
- Dewey, John, "Human Nature and Conduct 1922" (1988), Southern Illinois U P
- DiMarco, Danette, "Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained: homo faber and the Makings of a New Beginning in Oryx and Crake", Papers on Language and Literature, 41, pp.70~95 (2005)
- "The Olduvai Theory: Sliding Towards a Post-Industrial Stone Age" (2011)[URL]
- Garrard, Greg, "Ecocriticism" (2004), Routledge
- Goldman, Marlene, "Eating Their Words: Cannibalism and the Boundaries of Cultural Identity", pp.170~191 (2001), State University of New York
- Jameson, Fredric, "Archaeologies of the Future: The Desire Called Utopia and Other Science Fictions" (2007), Verso
- Jameson, Fredric, "Then You Are Them: Review of The Year of the Flood by Margaret Atwood", London Review of Books, 31(17), pp.7~8 (2009)
- Katz, Eric, "Environmental Pragmatism", pp.307~318 (1996), Routledge
- Parker, Kelly A., "Environmental Pragmatism", pp.21~37 (1996), Routledge
- Sagoff, Mark, "The Economy of the Earth" (1988), Cambridge UP
- Soterdijk, Peter, "Rules for the Human Zoo: A Response to the Letter on Humanism", Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 27, pp.12~28 (2009)
- Weston, Anthony, "Environmental Pragmatism", pp.285~306 (1996), Routledge
- Williams, Evan Calder, "Combined and Uneven Apocalypse" (2010), Zero Books